Kidneys & Urinary System GN PDF

Kidneys & Urinary System Biomedical Science Coralie Frances GDC Learning Outcomes 1.1.5 Describe relevant and appropriate dental, oral, craniofacial and general anatomy and explain their applica;on to pa;ent management 1.1.6 Describe relevant and appropriate physiology and explain its app...

Kidneys & Urinary System Biomedical Science Coralie Frances GDC Learning Outcomes 1.1.5 Describe relevant and appropriate dental, oral, craniofacial and general anatomy and explain their applica;on to pa;ent management 1.1.6 Describe relevant and appropriate physiology and explain its applica;on to pa;ent management Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the session the student should be able to: Label diagrams of the macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of the urinary system & kidney Describe the func;on of the urinary system & kidney Explain blood Dow through the nephron Explain how the nephron Flters the blood Describe homeostasis of water balance & electrolytes Assess your knowledge pre lecture What is the func;on of the urinary system? Look at the next slide What type of secDon is this? Kidney What does your kidney do? Can you name the structures? What is their purpose? How did you do? Rate your knowledge on a score of 1-5 (1 least knowledge; 5 greatest knowledge) Con;nue with the PPT to refresh your knowledge then answer the same ques;ons again What are your scores now? Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy structure Physiology function (how it works) Watch these 3 videos hRps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzl4lgX_3RvcgRqo810pAcz9trinh0Irl The Urinary System Aorta Inferior vena cava Please label the diagram Renal artery Renal vein Left kidney Explain the direc;on of the Left ureter arrows Bladder 2 S Urethra Kidney- transverse secDon Renal vein Add labels to the diagram Renal artery Renal papilla? Cortex What is Dowing in the Medulla direc;on of the arrows? Urine? Renal capsule Major calyx Renal pyramid Ureter  A kidney nephron Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Renal artery Glomerulus Please label the diagram Glomerular capsule ↑ Distal convoluted tubule With the aid of the arrows explain blood Dow through the nephron Renal vein Collecting duct Proximal tubule Ascending limb Loop of henle Descending limb Video of urinary system https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=82mW8bpcSyU Renal Function Renal func;on is needed to : Maintain normal Essen;al for body Duid excre;on of volume and waste products composi;on and drugs FuncDons of the kidney Vital roles Water and electrolytes so body has the right balance for homeostasis Forming urine to remove waste products Excretory Regulatory Metabolises vitamin D - helps to control concentration of calcium in the blood Producing hormones Vital for development of strong bone Endocrine Metabolic FormaDon of urine- 3 processes involved Filtra;on Selec;ve reabsorp;on Tubular secre;on Video of FiltraDon hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A2dAyWyK6o Wider than efferent to increase the pressure of blood within the capsule. Glomerular Capsule Where Fltra;on takes place FiltraDon Water, & small molecules pass through the semipermeable walls of glomerulus and glomerulus capsule Aided by pressure built up in the capillaries Larger molecules , blood cells, plasma proteins remain in capillaries SelecDve reabsorpDon Takes place in tubules Cons;tuents needed by the body are reabsorbed back into the blood capillary Ac;ve transport takes place at carrier sites in the epithelial membrane Energy is needed to transport substances against their concentra;on gradients Renal threshold– if all carrier sites are full substances will appear in urine which don’t normally e.g. glucose Will be excreted as excess substances will remain in tubules ReabsorpDon regulated by hormones Also known as parathyroid hormone Parathormone and calcitonin together regulate reabsorp;on of calcium & phosphate Also known as vasopressin An;diure;c hormone increases water reabsorp;on by increasing the permeability of the convoluted tubules Increasing uptake from body of water - less water will be excreted in urine Secreted by adrenal glands Aldosterone increases the reabsorp;on of sodium & excre;on of potassium. Angiotensin II a vasoconstric;ng hormone Absence of aldosterone - adinsons disease - marked loss of sodium from body, acclimation of potassium and low blood pressure. Tubular secreDon Some substances not required or in excess to body’s need may remain in blood aeer Fltra;on due to speed of Fltra;on e.g. hydrogen ions, drugs- penicillin, aspirin These are ac;vely secreted into the convoluted tubules Energy is required Urine composition = Water 96& Urea 2% Uric acid Creatinine Ammonia Sodium Reabsorption or secretion Potassium Describe what happens to the glomerular Fltrates Chlorides List the composi;on of urine Phosphates Sulphites Oxalates How the kidneys maintain water balance Keep body from being dehydrated or over saturated Water balance Body gains water from Body loses water in Food and drink Bi product of metabolism Urine Faeces Perspira;on Expired air  Produced in hypothalamus - nerve fibres into posterior lobe of pituitary gland where it is released Water regulaDon by anDdiureDc hormone Reduces water volumes hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_RQLl3uyoI&t=86s 18 minutes  Parathormone and calcitonin work together to regulate calcium balance. Electrolyte Balance Calcium is needed to maintain strong bones and teeth Potassium helps heart beat stay regular and helps offset some of sodium’s harmful affects on blood pressure Enfolded in muscles contraction and nerve transmittion Kidneys help keep right amount of potassium in body Sodium & potassium Calcium balance Parathyroid and calcitonin Ingested in food hormones co-ordinate calcium balance PTH acts on kidney tubules Excess excreted in urine to reabsorb calcium Hormone aldosterone regulates Calcitonin acts on kidney excre;on of Sodium tubules to absorb less calcium  Self assessment With the aid of Ross & Wilson Explain how the nephron Flters the blood Describe homeostasis of water balance & electrolytes Now go back to Slides 4 & 5 and reassess your knowledge Useful References Waugh, A. and Grant, A. (2018) Ross & Wilson Anatomy And Physiology In Health And Illness. 14th ed. Elsevier. Ward, J. and Linden, R. (2017) Physiology At A Glance. 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell. Extra videos hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVqSqPOcahY&feature=emb_rel_pause Detailed (45mins) of blood Fltra;on in capsule