Kidney Physiology PDF

Which of the following is not a toxic waste product that the kidneys filter out of the body Urea Creatinine Uric acid hemoglobin breakdown bicarbonate What is the central function of the kidneys Regulation of water concentration Production of bile Filtration...

Which of the following is not a toxic waste product that the kidneys filter out of the body Urea Creatinine Uric acid hemoglobin breakdown bicarbonate What is the central function of the kidneys Regulation of water concentration Production of bile Filtration of lymph Synthesis of insulin Which is not a function of the kidneys storage of fat excretion of foreign chemicals gluconeogenesis releasing hormones and enzyme The combination of a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule constitutes a ____________. ____________. Renal corpuscle Nephron Ureter Renal tubule Only about ____________.% of plasma filters into bowmans capsule and the remaining blood leaves the glomerulus by the efferent arteriole. 20% 50% 10% 30% What are two ways to increase GFR dilate afferent tubule and constrict efferent tubule constrict efferent tubule, increase CHP constrict afferent, constrict efferent dilate efferent tubule and dilate afferent tubule What are two ways to decrease GFR constriction of afferent tubule and dilation of efferent tubule Dilation of afferent tubule and constriction of efferent tubule Increase ICP Decrease CP Your sibling comes home bragging about the doctor telling him he has a great GFR, what would be an accurate creatinine value for your sibling 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL -1.5 to -2.0 mg/dL 2.5 to 3.0 mg/dL 3.5 to 4.0 mg/dL An elevated Creatinine would indicate a problem with what Kidney function Liver function Pancreatic function Heart function What is a common cause of an elevated creatinine Too much Ibprophen Dehydration High protein diet Liver failure The kidneys are responsible for Regulation of fluid balance Production of bile Filtration of carbon dioxide Synthesis of insulin Of the 60% of our body made of water about ___% is in the intracellular fluid and about ___% is in the extracellular fluid which is comprised of interstitial fluid (causes edema) and plasma 40% intracellular fluid, 20% extracellular fluid 30% intracellular fluid, 30% extracellular fluid 50% intracellular fluid, 10% extracellular fluid 25% intracellular fluid, 35% extracellular fluid The ____________. is the microscopic unit of the kidney Nephron Glomerulus Renal pelvis Ureter Anything that stays inside the renal tubule is going to be ____________. through urine Excreted Reabsorbed Filtered Secreted Anything that leaves the renal tubule and goes back into the blood is said to be ____________. Reabsorbed Secreted Filtered Excreted Flitration occurs at the ____________. Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule When compounds are taken from blood into the renal tubule it is called ____________. Reabsorption Filtration Secretion Excretion What region of the kidney has the most osmolality Medulla Cortex Renal pelvis Ureter The medulla having the most osmolality causes what to be reabsorbed in this region Water Sodium Potassium Glucose What is the main difference between juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons produce more concentrated urine Cortical nephrons have longer loops of Henle Juxtamedullary nephrons are located in the renal cortex Cortical nephrons are responsible for urine concentration What are the slit like processes that act like a sift in the glomerulus Podocytes Mesangial cells Endothelial cells Proximal convoluted tubule cells What is the pressure that is forcing fluid out of the glomerulus Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Blood pressure What is the pressure that pushes back on the glomerulus when bowman's capsule is full Capsular hydrostatic pressure Glomerular filtration pressure Oncotic pressure Blood pressure You have a patient that has elevated proteins within their blood, which of the following would you expect to be high? Blood colloid osmotic pressure Glomerular filtration pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Peripheral pressure What is the correct equation for GFR GFR = (GHP - (CHP-Col HP)) GFR = (GHP - (CHP + Col HP)) GFR = (CHP - (GHP-Col HP)) GFR = (CHP - (GHP + Col HP)) What does the level of creatinine in your blood predict? Filtering ability of the kidneys Liver function and health Blockage of the kidneys Filtering ability of the liver The most common way to lower GFR is by Constriction of the afferent arterioles Dilation of the efferent arterioles Increased blood volume Dilation of the afferent arterioles If you dilate the afferent arteriole how will it affect hydrostatic pressure Increase hydrostatic pressure Decrease hydrostatic pressure No change in hydrostatic pressure Decrease hydrostatic pressure but right after increase Decreased plasma protein would cause what effect on GFR Decrease in GFR Increase in GFR No change in GFR Slight Increase in GFR Constriction of the ureter would cause a back of fluid in the proximal tubule which would have what effect on GFR Decrease GFR Increase GFR No effect on GFR Fluctuate GFR Your family member has recently diagnosed with Diabetes, they tell you that they have been peeing much more (polyuria) than they used to what is the reason for this Increased water excretion due to high glucose levels Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys Decreased blood flow to the kidneys Hormonal imbalance affecting ADH levels Which of the following is not a typical sign of diabetes Polygon Polydipsia Polyuria Polyphagia Glucose builds up the tubules when there are no ____________. left for it to be reabsorbed, the goal is always for all of the glucose to be reabsorbed but if theres to much you cant→carriors What is one of the reasons why diabetics are excreting glucose in their urine? Lack of carriers for glucose to be reabsorbed Increased insulin sensitivity Decreased glomerular filtration rate Decreased sodium reabsorption Which of the following is not a toxin that is being secreted into the proximal tubule to eventually be excreted Na+ Drugs H+ Creatinin amonia The majority of reabsorption and secretion occurs where Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Which describes the permeability of the descending loop of henle Permeable to water, impermeable to solutes Permeable to solutes, impermeable to water Impermeable to both water and solutes Permeable to sodium, impermeable to water The ascending loop of henle is important in the reabsorption all of the following except Na+ K+ Cl- Urea In the distal convoluted tubule what hormones affect the permeability of certain ions? Aldosterone and PTH Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone Pineal hormone and FSH Cortisol and PTH What hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule through the sodium-potassium pump Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide PTH The reason aldosterone increases blood pressure is because it causes reabsorption of sodium in the blood which water follows and thus increases blood pressure, so if you have an aldosterone agonist it will lower blood pressure Why would a aldosterone antagonist lower blood pressure Reduces sodium reabsorption Increases potassium secretion Stimulates renin release Enhances water retention Why does aldosterone increase blood pressure Increases sodium reabsorption, increasing blood volume Increases potassium retention, raising blood volume Stimulates renin release, increasing blood pressure Decreases water reabsorption, increasing blood volume What hormone is released when low calcium in the blood is sensed and caused the activation of membrane proteins in the DCT to reabsorb calcium? Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone What structure do the collecting ducts contain that allows for water reabsorption and is stimulated by ADH Aquaporins Calcium channels Sodium channels Glomeruli What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus release when they sense low blood pressure Renin Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Erythropoietin The liver releases angiotensinogen which works with renin to create angiotensin I, then the lungs release ACE (licinapril) which changes it to Angiotensin II, Which of the following is the correct order of the RAA system Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I → ACE → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone Renin → Angiotensin II → ACE → Aldosterone → Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I → ACE → Aldosterone → Angiotensinogen → Renin Aldosterone → Angiotensin II → ACE → Angiotensinogen → Renin Angiotensin II causes an increase in ____________. activity Sympathetic Parasympathetic Autonomic Somatic Which of the following is not a function of Angiotensin II Decreasing blood pressure Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- Reabsorption of water Excretion of K+ Where is aldosterone released from Adrenal cortex Pituitary gland Pancreas Thyroid gland Angiotensin II what to happen systemically Arteriolar vasoconstriction Arteriolar vasodilation Ventricular vasoconstriction Ventricular vasodilation Angiotensin II causes the secretion of what horomone from what organ? ADH from posterior pituitary gland ADH from anterior pituitary gland Aldosterone from the liver Norepinephrine from the kidneys Where is ADH released from Posterior pituitary gland Anterior pituitary gland Adrenal cortex Thyroid gland What is the liver constantly producing that has the ability to eventually raise blood pressure Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II ACE What part of the RAA system does the lungs release Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin I What is a common medication that has to do with the RAA system and lowering blood pressure ACE inhibitor Beta-blocker Calcium channel blocker Diuretic