Key Terms Chapter 6 SP21 PDF

CH103 List of Key Terms - Chapter 6 Alloys: homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals Anhydrous: a crystal that has had the water removed Anode: the positive electrode; ions in water migrate to one place to another; anions migrate to the positive electrode Boiling-Point Elevation: the increase in t...

CH103 List of Key Terms - Chapter 6 Alloys: homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals Anhydrous: a crystal that has had the water removed Anode: the positive electrode; ions in water migrate to one place to another; anions migrate to the positive electrode Boiling-Point Elevation: the increase in the boiling point of a liquid caused by adding a solute Brownian Motion: random, chaotic motion of any colloidal particle Cathode: the negative electrode; ions in water migrate to one place to another; cations migrate to the negative electrode Colligative Property: a property of a solution that depends only on the number of solute particles and not on the chemical identity of the solute Colloid: a two-part in which suspended solute particles range from 1 to 1000 nm in size Concentration: the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent Crenation: an osmotic process in which water flows out of red blood cells and into a solution through a semipermeable membrane, causing the cells to shrivel Dialysis: a process in which a solution containing particles of different sizes is placed in a bag made of a semipermeable membrane; the bag is placed in a solvent or solution containing only small molecules; the solution in the bag reaches equilibrium with the solvent outside, allowing the small molecules to diffuse across the membrane but retaining the large molecules Electrolyte: a solution which contains ions and can carry an electric current Emulsions: systems, such as fats in milk, consisting of a liquid with or without an emulsifying agent in an immiscible liquid, usually as droplets of larger than colloidal size Freezing-Point Depression: the decrease in the freezing point of a liquid caused by adding a solute Hemolysis: an osmotic process in which water flows into red blood cells through the cell’s semipermeable membrane, causing the cells to burst Henry’s Law: the solubility of a gas in liquid is directly proportional to the pressure Heterogeneous Mixture: a mixture that is not uniform throughout Homogeneous Mixture: a mixture that is uniform throughout Hydrated: When a solid ionic compound is dissolved in water, the water molecules surround the ions when the combined force of attraction of the water molecules is greater than the force of attraction of the ionic bonds Hydrates: substances that contain water in their crystals Hygroscopic: a quality of a substance that is able to absorb water vapor from the air Hypertonic Solution: solutions in which the osmolarity (and hence osmotic pressure) is greater than red blood cells Hypotonic Solution: solutions in which the osmolarity (and hence osmotic pressure) is lower than red blood cells Immiscible: liquids that doesn’t mix Isotonic: two solutions with the same osmolarity Isotonic Solution: a solution that has the same salt concentration as cells and the blood Miscible: liquids that mix in all proportion Molarity (M): moles/liter, M, a unit of concentration Nonelectrolyte: a solution which doesn’t contain ions and cannot carry an electric current Osmolarity: molarity multiplied by the number of particles in solution in each formula unit of solute Osmosis: the passage of solvent molecules from a less concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane into a more concentrated solution Osmotic Pressure: the amount of external pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated solution to stop the passage of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane Parts per billion (ppb): the concentration of a solution in grams of solute per billion grams of solution Parts per million (ppm): the concentration of a solution in grams of solute per million grams of solution Percent Concentration (%w/v): the number of grams of solute in 100. mL of solution Saturated Solution: a solution which contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved by that solvent at a given temperature. Seeding: a process used to crystallize excess solute of a supersaturated solution by adding a crystal of the solute Semipermeable Membrane: a substance that contains very tiny pores that only allow solvent molecules to pass through the pores while still retaining the solvated solute particles Solubility: The amount of solute, in grams, that can be dissolved in 100 mL of solvent at a given temperature. Solute: The thing you dissolve to make a solution. Does not have to be a solid. Solvated: when a solid ionic compound is dissolved in a solvent, the solvent molecules surround the ions when the combined force of attraction to the solvent molecules is greater than the force of attraction of the ionic bond Solvent: The chemical that dissolves the solute. Strong Electrolyte: compounds that dissociate completely into ions Supersaturated Solution: A solution that contains more solute than it should. Suspension: systems where the size of colloidal particles is larger than 1000 nm, although the system are unstable and separates into phases Tyndall Effect: light passing through and scattered by a colloid viewed at a right angle Unsaturated Solution: A solution that has less than the maximum amount of solvent dissolved in it. Water of Hydration: water molecules in a crystal Weak Electrolyte: compounds that dissociate only partially into ions