Organic Compounds Study Guide PDF

Teacher key Organic Compounds Study Guide elements that are found in all living things: carbon sulfur hydrogen phosphorus oxygen...

Teacher key Organic Compounds Study Guide elements that are found in all living things: carbon sulfur hydrogen phosphorus oxygen nitrogen Part II. Func>ons- Briefly describe the func>on of the four types of organic compounds. Organic Compound Function Store energy and provides structural support in plants 1. Carbohydrates (cellulose), fungi and arthropods (chi>n). Can store long term energy; provides waxy coa>ngs (plant 2. Lipids leaves/ear wax), make up hormones and steroids Essen>al structural component of body >ssues; enzymes help 3. Proteins catalyze (speed up) chemical reac>ons. 4. Nucleic Acids Store geneAc informaAon in molecules such as DNA and RNA. II. Determine which figure below best represents the following type of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. Write the name on the line provided. 5. lipids 6. Nucleic acids © Biology Roots, LLC 8. proteins 7. carbohydrates Organic Compounds Study Guide III. Monomers and Polymers- for each organic compound listed, provide the polymer and monomer. Organic Compound MONOMER POLYMER Can be 9. Carbohydrates polysaccharides monosaccharides broken 10. Nucleic Acids DNA down nucleoAdes 11. Proteins pepAde into… Amino acids IV. The organic compounds in detail CARBOHYDRATES 12. Describe the chemical composi>on of carbohydrates (the elements that make carbohydrates and their ra>o): Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 raAo. 13. Carbohydrates are sugars. Give an example of 3 sugars: starches, sucrose, lactose (answers vary) 14. Name 1-2 carbohydrates that are not used primarily for energy: cellulose and chiAn 15. What is the difference in the molecular structure of table sugar vs. chains of starches, such as those found in potatoes? Table sugar, or sucrose, is a disaccharide- it’s structure has two joined monosaccharides. Starches consist of chains of many monosaccharides, called polysaccharides. LIPIDS 16. Determine which image below represents a saturated fat and which one represents an unsaturated fat. A. Saturated B. Unsaturated 17. Briefly explain why unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and saturated fats are solid at room temperature. The unsaturated fats have an extra carbon double bond in their structure which give them “weakened kinks” make them more fluid-like; whereas the faTy chain in saturated fats do not. 18. Give 2-3 examples of fats: Wax, hormones, fats, oils (answers vary). 19. Provide an example of how fats help living organisms survive: Fats primarily provide long term fat storage and protecAon. They also provide waxy coaAngs to help leaves retain moisture, or alternaAvely, to keep moisture out. They are extremely important for homeostasis because they make up hormones and steroids used for cellular signals and communicaAon. © Biology Roots, LLC NUCLEIC ACIDS 20. The monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleo>de. A C Label it on the diagram at right. phosphate Nitrogen base sugar 21. Nucleo>des are monomers/building blocks of a larger molecule used to store heredity informa>on called DNA. 22. ATP is a single nucleo>de (no polymer) that is used for cellular energy. 23. How are nucleic acids related to living things? In other words, what is their role in life? Nucleic acids provide direct energy to cells in the form of ATP, they are also the building blocks of DNA to store geneAc informaAon. PROTEINS 24. Proteins are made up of subunits/monomers called amino acids. Explain how there are thousands of different kinds of proteins, but only 20 different amino acids. Even though there are only 20 different amino acids, how they are sequenced as well as their overall shape (folding, structure, etc.) make up the different types of proteins. For each descrip>on below, determine if it best matches carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids or proteins. Write a “C” for carbohydrate; “L” for lipid; “P” for protein” or “NA” for nucleic acid. C 25. A quick source of energy. P 26. Helps build bone, muscle, skin, and tendons. NA 27. Stores gene>c informa>on. L 28. Essen>al for the development of the body systems that communicate via hormones. L 29. Composed of glycerol and fagy acids. P 30. Enzymes are made of this par>cular organic compound. NA 31. Plays a cri>cal role in the structure and func>on of DNA. P 32. Using food as an example, steak would be primarily made of this organic compound. C 33. Using food as an example, bread would would be mainly composed of this organic compound. L 34. Using food as an example, buger would mainly composed of this organic compound. © Biology Roots, LLC V. ENZYMES For each term below, write the leger of the descrip>on that best matches it: 35. _d_ Substrate a. the chemicals that par>cipate in a chemical reac>on. 36. _b_ Metabolism b. All the chemical reac>ons that occur in an organism. 37. _d_ Ac>va>on energy c. Energy required to start a chemical reac>on. 38. _f_ Products d. A substance that an enzyme acts upon. 39. _a_ Reactants e. when molecules interact and s change to produce something different. 40. _e_ Chemical Reac>on f. the substances that are formed as the result of a chemical reac>on. 41. What role do enzymes play in a chemical reac>on? Enzymes reduce the amount of energy required for a chemical reacAon to occur, which allows reacAons to happen much faster. Enzyme Substrate Enzymes can break down a reactant into multiple products or build multiple substrates Lactase Lactose together to make one product. Enzymes are able to be re-used after each chemical Catalase Hydrogen peroxide reaction. Enzymes and substrates are specific; this is because the shape of each enzyme is DNA Polymerase Nucleo>des unique to its specific substrate. 42. Enzymes are (circle one) [ proteins | carbohydrates ]. The [ shape | size ] of an enzyme determines its function, because enzymes are specific to a particular [ substrate | temperature ]. 43. Can the enzyme DNA polymerase be used to break down or build lactose? Why or why not? DNA Polymerase cannot be used to break down or build lactose because lactose is not DNA Polymerase’s substrate, it is not the right shape/not specific to lactase. 44. Carbohydrases are a class of enzymes that act on carbohydrates. Typically they need water to activate. Enzymes called lactase breaks down the sugar lactose found in milk into smaller components of glucose and galactose. The chemical reaction requires energy. During this reaction, what is the substrate(s)? What is the product(s)? During this reacAon, the substrate is the sugar lactose, and the products are the smaller parts it was broken down into: glucose and galactose. © Biology Roots, LLC