Racism & Sexism PDF

Chapters 1 & 2: Racism & Sexism: Racial discrimination The prejudicial treatment of persona on the basis of supposedly racial characteristics One who practice racial discrimination (racist one) A racial bigot (racist two) Racialist, One who believed that some races or innately supe...

Chapters 1 & 2: Racism & Sexism: Racial discrimination The prejudicial treatment of persona on the basis of supposedly racial characteristics One who practice racial discrimination (racist one) A racial bigot (racist two) Racialist, One who believed that some races or innately superior to others A racialist is someone who believes in the existence of distinct biological races and that these racial differences determine various physical and intellectual characteristics. Racist (third definition), Perceived superiority believin the group is inherently superior One who knowingly practices or approves of racial discrimination in the belief ○ (a) that some races are innately superior to others, and ○ (b) that innately superior races ought to dominate inferior races. ○ Use the belied to justify the discriminatory act practices The three propositions of racists, 1. There is difference between the group 2. One group is superior 3. Innately superior races ought to dominate inferior races. Primary sexism, The belied, attitudes, and practice of sexists The overt form of discrimination against individuals based on their sex or gender Secondary sexism The perpetuation of sex-inequality by conduct that is motivated primarily by nonsexist (e.g., economic) considerations. Involves the subtler forms of discrimination that may appear less obvious but perpetuate gender inequality Sexist (third definition), A sexist is someone who believes in the inherent superiority or inferiority of one gender and uses this belief to justify discriminatory practices or attitudes. This form involves both ideology and behavior. Three propositions of sexists, (1) Men and women have inherent, essential differences rooted in biology or nature. (2) These differences justify the superiority of one gender over the other. (3) Social structures and roles should reflect this perceived hierarchy. There are sexes One sex is innately superior to the other The innately superior sex ought to dominate the inferior sex. Two differences between sexism and racism Sexism is based on biological bases. Racism is based on social constitutions ideas about race. Chapter 4: Affirmative Action, Diversity, and Reparations: Affirmative action, Aiming to address the historical and ongoing advantages of the minority. Ensuring a level playing field. For affirmative action ○ Background looking and for looking (A) the duty to compensate for racial discrimination (B) creating a better future Strong affirmative action, Strong affirmative action involves preferential treatment for members of disadvantaged groups, even at the expense of more qualified individuals from non-disadvantaged groups. Weak affirmative action, Weak affirmative action focuses on leveling the playing field by removing barriers to equal opportunity rather than instituting preferential treatment. Three aims of affirmative action, 1. To end discrimination 2. To compensate for past discrimination 3. To promote equality Reparations Reparations involve compensating groups or individuals for historical injustices The duty of reparation, The duty of reparation refers to the moral obligation to address and compensate for harm caused by past injustices. Two problems with reparations  Identifying Beneficiaries and Perpetrators Practical and Economic Challenges Chapter 13: Medical Aid in Dying, PAS, and Euthanasia: Physician-assisted suicide, Doctor giving the patients the choice to end their lives Active vs. passive euthanasia, Active ○ Taking a direct action Passive ○ Withholding the medical aid The problem of killing vs. “letting die”, Who gets to decide Two type of slippery slope argument ○ Contingently Slippery Slope Any situation in which the acceptance of one position will in fact (or with high probability) lead to the acceptance of a second position. Allowing PSA lead to another/ potential chain reaction ○ Logically Slippery Slope Any situation in which acceptance of one position logically or morally requires the acceptance of a second position (whether the second is in fact eventually accepted or not). If you accepts one thing, you need to accepts another thing Act of commission, An act of commission involves actively doing something that causes a particular outcome. Act of omission An act of omission involves refraining (not doing anything) from doing something, resulting in a particular outcome Chapter 14: The Death Penalty: Amendment VIII, Cruel and unusual punishment Lex Talionis, Lex Talionis is the principle of "an eye for an eye," which holds that punishment should mirror the offense in kind and degree. Punishment, Punishment is the imposition of a penalty for wrongdoing, intended to uphold justice and societal order. It serves several purposes, including deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution. Deterrence theory, The deterrence theory holds that the fear of punishment discourages individuals from committing crimes. Retributivism, Retributivism is the view that punishment is justified because it gives offenders what they deserve, based on the principle of moral accountability. Counterfactual knowledge Counterfactual knowledge involves reasoning about what would have happened if a different decision or action had been taken Chapter 15: Terrorism and War: Descriptive def. of terrorism, Terrorism is the deliberate use of violence (or the threat of violence) against noncombatants (civilians or innocents) to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. Essential component of terrorism, The essential component of terrorism is the intentional targeting of noncombatants (innocent individuals) to achieve broader objectives. Warism, Warism refers to the ideology or belief that war is a natural, inevitable, and sometimes necessary part of human existence. It often assumes that war is a morally acceptable means to resolve conflicts or achieve political goals. Jus ad bellum, (justice in the resort to war) sets forth the conditions that must be met in order for a state to be justified in resorting to war in the first place  Jus in bello, (justice in the conduct of war) sets forth the conditions that must be met in the conduct of war once it’s begun, whether or not one was justified in going to war in the first place. MES, A morally exceptional situation (MES) refers to circumstances in which actions that are normally considered wrong (e.g., killing, lying) might be deemed morally permissible or even obligatory due to extraordinary conditions Personal pacifism, Personal pacifism is the belief that individuals should refrain from using violence in their own lives, regardless of the circumstances. Opposition to war as a personal commitment not considered binding on others. Principled pacifism Principled pacifism is the belief that violence is never morally justifiable, whether on a personal, societal, or international level. Opposition to war on grounds considered valid for all