Kalinga University Physics Notes (Unit 1) PDF

KALINGA UNIVERSITY Department of Applied Science Unit 1 SEM-I/II COURSE: - B.Tech. SUBJECT: - Physics SUBJECT CODE: - BTCS103/BTME-CE-EE203  Frame of Reference Frame of ref...

KALINGA UNIVERSITY Department of Applied Science Unit 1 SEM-I/II COURSE: - B.Tech. SUBJECT: - Physics SUBJECT CODE: - BTCS103/BTME-CE-EE203  Frame of Reference Frame of reference: It is the system of coordinate axes which defines the position of a particle. It is divided into two categories: (i) Inertial or unaccelerated system (ii) Non-inertial or accelerated system BTCS103-PHYSICS 2  Inertial Frame of reference & non-inertial Frame of reference The systems in which the law of inertia or Newton’s law of motion holds good are called inertial systems or inertial frames of reference. A non-inertial system is the one in which Newton’s law of motion does not hold good. A frame of reference which is in accelerated motion with respect to an inertial frame is called non-inertial frame of reference. BTCS103-PHYSICS 3  Galilean transformations There are the transformations which can transform the coordinates of a particle from one inertial system to another. Consider two inertial systems F and F’, where F’ is moving with uniform velocity v relative to F along the +ve direction of x-axis Fig.1. We further consider that the origin of both the systems coincide at time t = t ’ = 0. Let an event happen at point P whose coordinates are (x, y, z, t) and (x’, y’, z’, t’) with respect to the frames of references F, and F’ respectively. It can easily be seen that these coordinates are related, as BTCS103-PHYSICS 4 Galilean transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 5 Concept of aether BTCS103-PHYSICS 6 Michelson-Morley experiment BTCS103-PHYSICS 7 Michelson-Morley experiment BTCS103-PHYSICS 8 Michelson-Morley experiment BCA503- FUNDAMENTALS OF IT 9 Michelson-Morley experiment BTCS103-PHYSICS 10 Michelson-Morley experiment BTCS103-PHYSICS 11 Michelson-Morley experiment BTCS103-PHYSICS 12 Postulates of special theory of relativity BTCS103-PHYSICS 13 Lorentz transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 14 Lorentz transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 15 Lorentz transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 16 Lorentz transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 17 Lorentz transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 18 Lorentz transformations BTCS103-PHYSICS 19 Length Contraction BTCS103-PHYSICS 20 Length Contraction BTCS103-PHYSICS 21 Length Contraction BTCS103-PHYSICS 22 Time Dilation BTCS103-PHYSICS 23 Time Dilation BTCS103-PHYSICS 24 Time Dilation BTCS103-PHYSICS 25 Velocity addition theorem BTCS103-PHYSICS 26 Velocity addition theorem BTCS103-PHYSICS 27 Velocity addition theorem BTCS103-PHYSICS 28 Velocity addition theorem BTCS103-PHYSICS 29 Variation of mass with velocity BTCS103-PHYSICS 30 Variation of mass with velocity BTCS103-PHYSICS 31 Variation of mass with velocity BTCS103-PHYSICS 32 Variation of mass with velocity BTCS103-PHYSICS 33 Variation of mass with velocity BTCS103-PHYSICS 34 Variation of mass with velocity BTCS103-PHYSICS 35 Einstein's mass energy relation BTCS103-PHYSICS 36 Einstein's mass energy relation BTCS103-PHYSICS 37 Einstein's mass energy relation BTCS103-PHYSICS 38 Einstein's mass energy relation BTCS103-PHYSICS 39 Relativistic relation between energy and momentum BTCS103-PHYSICS 40 Relativistic relation between energy and momentum BTCS103-PHYSICS 41 Relativistic relation between energy and momentum BTCS103-PHYSICS 42 Relativistic relation between energy and momentum BTCS103-PHYSICS 43  Massless Particle In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. The two known massless particles are both gauge bosons: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). However, gluons are never observed as free particles, since they are confined within hadrons. Neutrinos were originally thought to be massless. However, because neutrinos change flavor as they travel, at least two of the types of neutrinos must have mass. The discovery of this phenomenon, known as neutrino oscillation, led to Canadian scientist Arthur B. McDonald and Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita sharing the 2015 Nobel prize in physics. Few examples of massless particles are Gluons, Photons, Gravitons etc. BTCS103-PHYSICS 44