CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks 9th Edition PDF

CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Exam Objectives Module Bloom’s Taxonomy 1.1 C  ompare and contrast the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model layers and encapsulation concepts. 1, 4, 9 Analyze 1.2 Explain the characteristics of network topologies and network types. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 Understand 1...

CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Exam Objectives Module Bloom’s Taxonomy 1.1 C  ompare and contrast the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model layers and encapsulation concepts. 1, 4, 9 Analyze 1.2 Explain the characteristics of network topologies and network types. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 Understand 1.3 S  ummarize the types of cables and connectors and explain which is the appropriate type for a solution. 2, 5 Remember 1.4 Given a scenario, configure a subnet and use appropriate IP addressing schemes. 3, 7, 8 Apply 1.5 E  xplain common ports and protocols, their application, and encrypted alternatives. 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 Understand 1.6 Explain the use and purpose of network services. 3, 8, 11 Understand 1.7 Explain basic corporate and datacenter network architecture. 7 Understand 1.8 Summarize cloud concepts and connectivity options. 7, 9, 11 Remember  ompare and contrast various devices, their features, and their 2.1 C appropriate placement on the network. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 Analyze 2.2 C  ompare and contrast routing technologies and bandwidth management concepts. 9, 12 Analyze 2.3 G  iven a scenario, configure and deploy common Ethernet switching features. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12 Apply 2.4 G  iven a scenario, install and configure the appropriate wireless standards and technologies. 6, 9 Apply 3.1 G  iven a scenario, use the appropriate statistics and sensors to ensure network availability. 2, 5, 7, 9, 12 Apply 3.2 Explain the purpose of organizational documents and policies. 2, 4, 6, 10, 12 Understand 3.3 E  xplain high availability and disaster recovery concepts and summarize which is the best solution. 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12 Understand 4.1 Explain common security concepts. 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 Understand 4.2 Compare and contrast common types of attacks. 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 Analyze 4.3 Given a scenario, apply network hardening techniques. 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 Apply 4.4 C  ompare and contrast remote access methods and security implications. 4, 11 Analyze 4.5 Explain the importance of physical security. 10 Understand 5.1 Explain the network troubleshooting methodology. 1 Understand  iven a scenario, troubleshoot common cable connectivity issues and 5.2 G select the appropriate tools. 2, 5, 6, 11 Analyze 5.3 G  iven a scenario, use the appropriate network software tools and commands. 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12 Apply 5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless connectivity issues. 6 Analyze 5.5 Given a scenario, troubleshoot general networking issues. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Analyze Network+ Exam Domain 1.0: Networking Fundamentals 2.0: Network Implementations 3.0: Network Operations 4.0: Network Security 5.0: Network Troubleshooting Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Ninth Edition CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Jill West Networking Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CompTIA Network+ © 2022, 2019 Cengage Learning, Inc. Guide to Networks, Ninth Edition WCN: 02-300 Jill West Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. SVP, Higher Education & Skills Product: Erin Joyner VP, Higher Education & Skills Product: Thais Alencar ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Microsoft ® is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation. 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The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2021 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. BRIEF CONTENTS Prefaceix Module 10 Module 1 Risk Management Introduction to Networking 1 Infrastructure and Documentation 53 107 Module 4 Protocols 167 231 295 Module 7 Network Architecture 357 Module 8 Segmentation 423 Module 9 Wide Area Networking appendix a CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Certification Exam Objectives 725 Visual Guide to Connectors 745 appendix C Module 6 Wireless Networking 667 appendix B Module 5 Cabling 607 Module 12 Performance and Recovery Module 3 Addressing Module 11 Security in Network Design Module 2 541 CompTIA Network+ Practice Exam 747 appendix D Rubric for Hands-on Projects and Capstone Projects 759 GLOSSARY 761 Index 795 481 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Table of Contents Prefaceix Module 1 Labeling and Naming Conventions Business Documents Change Management Software and Hardware Changes Change Management Documentation 77 78 80 80 82 Introduction to Networking 1 Network Models 2 Module Summary 85 Peer-to-Peer Network Model Client-Server Network Model 3 5 Key Terms 86 Client-Server Applications 7 Review Questions 87 Hands-On Projects 88 Network Services and Their Protocols Network Hardware LANs and Their Hardware MANs and WANs The Seven-Layer OSI Model 7 10 11 16 18 Layer 7: Application Layer Layer 6: Presentation Layer Layer 5: Session Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 1: Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit or PDU Summary of How the Layers Work Together 22 Safety Procedures and Policies 25 Emergency Procedures Safety Precautions 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 25 26 Module 3 Addressing107 Addressing Overview MAC Addresses IP Addresses IPv4 Addresses IPv6 Addresses Types of IPv6 Addresses 108 109 112 114 121 122 Ports and Sockets 126 Domain Names and DNS 130 Namespace Databases Name Servers Resource Records in a DNS Database DNS Server Software 131 131 133 135 Troubleshooting Address Problems 137 Troubleshooting Network Problems 29 Module Summary 33 Key Terms 36 Module Summary 151 Review Questions 36 Key Terms 154 Hands-On Projects 38 Review Questions 155 Hands-On Projects 156 Module 2 Troubleshooting Tools Common Network Issues Infrastructure and Documentation53 Module 4 Components of Structured Cabling TCP/IP Core Protocols From the Demarc to a Workstation Cabling Monitoring the Environment and Security 54 55 62 65 Network Documentation 67 Network Diagrams Operating Procedures Inventory Management 67 74 76 137 147 Protocols167 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) on IPv4 Networks NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) Ethernet 168 169 174 175 180 181 182 183 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Table of Contents Encryption Protocols Key Encryption IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) Remote Access Protocols Remote File Access Terminal Emulation VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) Remote Access Policies 186 187 188 189 192 194 194 199 202 Cable Performance Tester OPM (Optical Power Meter) v 273 274 Module Summary 275 Key Terms 278 Review Questions 279 Hands-On Projects 280 Module 6 Troubleshooting Network Issues 204 Wireless Networking Troubleshooting Tools Solving Common Network Problems 204 208 Characteristics of Wireless Transmissions 296 Module Summary 211 Key Terms 214 Review Questions 215 Hands-On Projects 216 Module 5 Cabling231 Transmission Basics Frequency, Bandwidth, and Throughput Transmission Flaws Duplex, Half-Duplex, and Simplex Multiplexing Copper Cable Coaxial Cable and Twinaxial Cable Twisted-Pair Cable STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Comparing STP and UTP Cable Pinouts PoE (Power over Ethernet) Ethernet Standards for Twisted-Pair Cable Fiber-Optic Cable SMF (Single Mode Fiber) MMF (Multimode Fiber) Fiber Connectors Media Converters Fiber Transceivers Ethernet Standards for Fiber-Optic Cable Common Fiber-Cable Problems Cable Troubleshooting Tools Toner and Probe Kit Multimeter Cable Continuity Tester 232 232 235 237 238 240 240 243 245 247 247 248 254 256 258 260 261 261 263 264 266 267 268 269 270 271 295 The Wireless Spectrum Channel Management Antennas Signal Propagation 296 300 301 303 802.11 WLAN Standards 306 802.11 Innovations Access Method Association and Wireless Topologies IEEE 802.11 Frames Implementing a Wi-Fi Network Determine the Design Configure Wi-Fi Connectivity Devices Configure Wi-Fi Clients Wi-Fi Network Security WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access, Version 2) Personal and Enterprise Other Security Configurations Security Threats to Wi-Fi Networks Troubleshooting Wi-Fi Networks Wi-Fi Network Tools Avoid Pitfalls 308 310 311 314 316 316 321 322 325 326 326 327 329 331 334 334 335 Module Summary 340 Key Terms 342 Review Questions 343 Hands-On Projects 344 Module 7 Network Architecture Physical Architecture Managed Switches Switch Path Management Switch Port Security Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 357 359 360 360 363 vi CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Hierarchical Design Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Storage Area Network (SAN) Virtual Architecture Network Connection Types Pros and Cons of Virtualization NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) Cloud Architecture Cloud Service Models Cloud Deployment Models Orchestration and Automation Connectivity and Security Network Availability 363 367 370 Review Questions 460 Hands-On Projects 461 374 Module 9 376 383 385 386 388 390 391 392 394 Fault Tolerance 395 Module Summary 402 Key Terms 404 Review Questions 404 Hands-On Projects 406 Module 8 Segmentation423 Network Segmentation 424 Subnet Masks 426 How Subnet Masks Work Calculating Subnets IPv4 Subnet Calculation in Binary IPv4 Subnet Calculations Using Formulas Subnet Mask Tables Subnetting Questions on Exams Implementing Subnets on a Network Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) Subnets in IPv6 Virtual LANs (VLANs) Switch Port Configuration VLAN Trunks VLANs and Subnets Types of VLANs View Configured VLANs Dynamic VLAN Assignment Troubleshoot and Secure VLANs 428 431 432 434 437 437 439 442 444 447 448 451 452 453 455 456 456 Module Summary 458 Key Terms 460 Wide Area Networking WAN Essentials Entry Point Equipment Routing Protocols Routing Tables Routing Path Types route Routing Metrics Routing Protocols to Determine Best Paths Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols Routing Redundancy WAN Connectivity DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Cable Broadband Fiber Leased Lines MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) Cloud Connectivity Options Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) Wireless WANs Cellular Satellite Troubleshooting Connections Internet Connectivity Issues Interface Problems Routing Issues 481 482 483 485 487 489 489 490 490 491 493 495 498 500 503 504 505 507 508 511 511 515 517 517 517 520 Module Summary 524 Key Terms 527 Review Questions 527 Hands-On Projects 528 Module 10 Risk Management Security Risks People Risks Technology Risks  Malware Risks 541 542 545 548 552 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Table of Contents Risk Assessment and Management Attack Simulations Red Team–Blue Team Exercise Scanning Tools Honeypots and Honeynets Physical Security Prevention Methods Detection Methods Device Hardening Updates and Security Patches Administrative Credentials Services and Protocols Passwords Anti-Malware Software Asset Disposal Security Policies for Users Security Policy Goals BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) AUP (Acceptable Use Policy) NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement) Password Policy Privileged User Agreement Anti-Malware Policy 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 566 569 569 571 573 575 578 579 580 581 582 582 584 584 587 587 Module Summary 589 Key Terms 591 Review Questions 592 Hands-On Projects 593 Module 11 Security in Network Design Network Hardening by Design Router and Switch Security Configurations Switch Security Configurations Network Security Technologies Proxy Servers Firewalls IDS (Intrusion Detection System) IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) Cloud Security Technologies Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Authentication Authorization Accounting 607 608 Authentication Technologies Directory Services Kerberos SSO (Single Sign-On) RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) TACACS1 (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus) vii 637 638 639 642 643 644 Module Summary 646 Key Terms 648 Review Questions 649 Hands-On Projects 650 Module 12 Performance and Recovery Collect Network Data 667 668 Environmental Monitoring Traffic Monitoring Tools 668 672 Manage Network Traffic 683 Performance Baselines Bandwidth Management Flow Control Congestion Control QoS (Quality of Service) Assurance 684 685 686 687 688 Plan Response and Recovery Strategies691 Incident Response Data Preservation Disaster Recovery Planning Disaster Recovery Contingencies Power Management Backup Systems 692 693 694 695 696 701 608 611 Module Summary 706 615 Key Terms 707 Review Questions 708 Hands-On Projects 709 615 617 624 627 627 629 630 634 634 appendix a CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Certification Exam Objectives725 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks appendix B appendix D Visual Guide to Connectors 745 Rubric for Hands-on Projects and Capstone Projects759 appendix C CompTIA Network+ Practice Exam747 GLOSSARY 761 index 795 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface Knowing how to install, configure, and troubleshoot a computer network is a highly marketable and exciting skill. This course first introduces the fundamental building blocks that form a modern network, such as hardware, topologies, and protocols, along with an introduction to the OSI model. It then provides indepth coverage of the most important concepts in contemporary networking, including TCP/IP, Ethernet, wireless transmission, virtual networks, cloud computing, segmentation, security, performance optimization, and troubleshooting. After reading the modules and completing the exercises, you will be prepared to select the network design, hardware, and software that best fit your environment. You will also have the skills to build a network from scratch and maintain, upgrade, troubleshoot, and manage an existing network. Finally, you will be well-prepared to take CompTIA’s Network+ N10-008 certification exam. This course explains technical concepts logically and in a clear, approachable style. In addition, concepts are reinforced by real-world examples of networking issues from a professional’s standpoint. Each module opens with an “On the Job” story from a network engineer, technician, or administrator. These insightful stories of actual events, along with Applying Concepts activities, Hands-On Projects, and Capstone Projects in each module, make this text a practical learning tool. The numerous tables and color illustrations, along with the glossary, appendices, and study questions, provide a valuable reference for any networking professional. Intended Audience This course is intended to serve the needs of students and professionals who are interested in mastering fundamental, vendor-neutral networking concepts. No previous networking experience is necessary to begin learning from this text, although knowledge of basic computer principles is helpful. Those seeking to pass CompTIA’s Network+ certification exam will find the course’s content, approach, and numerous study questions especially helpful. For more information on CompTIA® Network+ certification, visit CompTIA’s website at comptia.org. The course’s pedagogical features are designed to provide a truly interactive learning experience, preparing you for the challenges of the highly dynamic networking industry. In addition to the information presented in the text, each module includes Applying Concepts activities and Hands-On Projects that guide you through software and hardware configuration in a step-by-step fashion. At the end of each module, you will also find progressive Capstone Projects that give you the opportunity to build on previous modules’ work and connect ideas from module to module using various virtualized, emulated, and cloud environments. Module Descriptions The following list summarizes the topics covered in each module of this course: Module 1, “Introduction to Networking,” begins by answering the question “What is a network?” Next, it presents the fundamental types of networks and describes the devices and topologies that create a network. This module also introduces the OSI model, best practices for safety when working with networks, and the seven-step troubleshooting model. Module 2, “Infrastructure and Documentation,” begins with a tour through a campus network’s data rooms, from the ISP’s entry point through to the users’ endpoints. The module introduces best practices for managing network and cabling equipment and explains issues related to managing the Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. x CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks environment in which networking equipment operates. This module also describes characteristics of documentation and explains how to create a network diagram that can be used in troubleshooting. It ends with a discussion on how to create and follow appropriate change management procedures in an enterprise network environment. Module 3, “Addressing,” describes addressing standards used by devices on a network at various layers of the OSI model, including MAC addresses at the data link layer, IP addresses at the network layer, and ports and sockets at the transport layer. It also explains how host names and domain names work. The module concludes with an introduction to commands used in troubleshooting networks. Module 4, “Protocols,” describes the functions of the core TCP/IP protocols, including TCP, UDP, IP, and others. It compares common encryption protocols, such as IPsec and SSL, and then explores common remote access protocols, such as SSH, RDP, and VPNs. The module finishes with a discussion of TCP/IP utilities used for network discovery and troubleshooting. Module 5, “Cabling,” discusses basic data transmission concepts, including throughput, bandwidth, multiplexing, and common transmission flaws. Next, it describes copper cables, fiber-optic cables, and Ethernet standards, comparing the benefits and limitations of different networking media. The module then concludes with an examination of common cable problems and the tools used for troubleshooting those problems. Module 6, “Wireless Networking,” examines how nodes exchange wireless signals and identifies potential obstacles to successful wireless transmission. The module explores wireless technologies that support the IoT (Internet of Things). It then describes WLAN (wireless LAN) architecture and specifies the characteristics of popular WLAN transmission methods. In this module, you will also learn how to install and configure wireless access points and clients, manage wireless security concerns, and evaluate common problems experienced with wireless networks. Module 7, “Network Architecture,” takes a journey through the progression of abstraction in network architecture. It begins with a description of switch management and a comparison of three-tiered and two-tiered (spine-and-leaf) switch architectures. After some discussion of SDN (software-defined networking) and SAN (storage area network) technologies, the module presents common virtual network connection types and the concept of NFV (Network Functions Virtualization). It then identifies features and benefits of cloud architecture, connectivity, and automation. The module concludes with a discussion of key network availability concepts. Module 8, “Segmentation,” explores the advantages and methods of network segmentation. The module examines the purposes of subnets and their calculations. It then describes techniques for segmenting with VLANs and explains related, advanced features of switches, including VLAN management. Module 9, “Wide Area Networking,” expands your knowledge beyond the LAN with a discussion of WAN (wide area network) concepts and technologies. The module explores how routers work and how various internal and external gateway protocols select and manage routes between networks. The module follows the progression of a fictional company to compare WAN connectivity options, including DSL, cable broadband, leased lines, MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), cloud connectivity options, and SD-WAN (software-defined WAN) so you’ll understand how each technology works and what makes each one unique. It then explores common wireless WAN technologies. The module concludes with a discussion of common Internet connectivity issues and interface configuration problems. Module 10, “Risk Management,” covers common security risks and vulnerabilities on a network, including risks associated with people, technology, and malware infections. Here you’ll also learn how to assess a network’s weaknesses, how to apply appropriate physical security measures, and how to harden devices on the network. Finally, this module teaches you about the kinds of information you should include in security policies for users. Module 11, “Security in Network Design,” examines methods for hardening router and switch configurations, followed by an exploration of common security devices specifically designed to protect a network. The module breaks down AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) processes that control users’ access to network resources and looks closely at the partnership between authentication and directory services. Module 12, “Performance and Recovery,” presents basic network management concepts and describes how to utilize system and event logs to collect network data. It then explores methods of using this information to evaluate, monitor, manage, and optimize network performance. The module closes with a discussion of threats to network availability and components of a reliable disaster recovery plan and a defensible incident response plan. The four appendices at the end of this course serve as references for the networking professional: Appendix A, “CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Certification Exam Objectives,” provides a complete list of the latest CompTIA Network+ certification exam objectives, including the percentage of the exam’s content that each domain represents and which modules and sections in the text cover material associated with each objective. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface xi Appendix B, “Visual Guide to Connectors,” provides a visual connector reference chart for quick identification of connectors and receptacles used in contemporary networking. Appendix C, “CompTIA Network+ Practice Exam,” offers a practice exam containing 100 questions similar in content and presentation to the multiple-choice questions you will find on CompTIA’s Network+ examination. Appendix D, “Project and Discussion Rubrics,” gives instructors and students a set of standards for assessing student understanding of and engagement with each module’s discussion assignments and project activities. Features To aid you in fully understanding networking concepts, this course includes many features designed to enhance your learning experience. • On the Job stories—Each module begins with a real-world story giving context for the technology and concepts presented, providing insight into a variety of modern computing environments from the various perspectives of different professionals in the IT industry. • Module Objectives—Each module lists the learning objectives to be mastered within that module. This list serves as a quick reference to the module’s contents and a useful study aid. • Applying Concepts activities—Embedded throughout each module, these “just-in-time” activities help you solidify your understanding of concepts as you read, providing immediate practice of relevant skills with step-by-step instructions. • Colorful illustrations, photos, tables, and bullet lists—Numerous full-color illustrations and photos of network media, protocol behavior, hardware, topology, software screens, peripherals, and components help you visualize common network elements, theories, and concepts. Insightful diagrams provide details and comparisons of both practical and theoretical information. The many tables and bulleted lists make essential information easily accessible for quick reference, presenting condensed information in easy-to-digest chunks. • OSI layer icons—These icons provide visual reinforcement of the link between concepts and the relevant layers of the OSI model. A thorough understanding of where concepts sit on the OSI model makes managing and troubleshooting networks more effective and efficient. • CompTIA Network+ Exam Tips and Notes—Each module’s content is supplemented with Note features that provide additional insight and understanding, while CompTIA Network+ Exam Tips guide you in your preparations for taking the CompTIA Network+ certification exam. • Legacy Networking features—Older technology covered by the CompTIA Network+ exam provides historical reference to current technology. • Key Terms and Glossary—Highlighted key terms emphasize the core concepts of networking and are defined in the convenient Glossary. • Module Summaries—Each module’s text is followed by a summary of the concepts introduced in that module. These summaries help you revisit the ideas covered in each module. • Review Questions—The end-of-module assessment begins with a set of review questions that reinforce the ideas introduced in each module. Many questions are situational. Rather than simply asking you to repeat what you learned, these questions help you evaluate and apply the material you learned. Answering these questions will help ensure that you have mastered the important concepts and provide valuable practice for taking CompTIA’s Network+ exam. • Hands-On Projects—Although it is important to understand the theory behind networking technology, nothing beats real-world experience. To this end, each module provides several Hands-On Projects aimed at providing you with practical software and hardware implementation experience as well as practice in applying critical thinking skills to the concepts learned throughout the module. Requiring only a Windows 10 computer and a typical home network, the projects rely on cloud, virtualization, and simulation technologies to ensure accessibility in a wide variety of learning environments. • Capstone Projects—Each module concludes with two or three in-depth projects where you implement the skills and knowledge gained in the module through real design and implementation scenarios in a variety of networking environments. With the help of sophisticated virtualization and emulation products available Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xii CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks free online, the Capstone Projects introduce you to a multitude of real-world software, hardware, and other solutions that increase your familiarity with these products in preparation for addressing workforce challenges. • Support for building good habits—Supplemental steps in many projects guide you in creating a customized wiki to document information learned and projects completed. A project in the final module gives tips for organizing this wiki as a way to display your new skills for job interviews. • User-friendly organization—Logical arrangement of content consolidates similar concepts for efficient coverage, allowing for deeper investigation of particularly rich concepts and skills that are emphasized in the latest CompTIA Network+ N10-008 exam, including a strong emphasis on security, troubleshooting, and virtualization, with added coverage of cloud, wireless, and switch technologies. New to this Edition Just as networking technology continues to evolve, so does learning science and the insights available to course designers. In the interest of providing you with the most effective and durable learning experience, this latest edition is packed with improvements and enriched features. • Fully updated—Content maps completely to CompTIA’s Network+ N10-008 exam for productive exam preparation. • “Remember this . . .” feature—Section-specific learning objectives blend the Network+ exam objectives with the material covered in each section to help you focus on the most important points of that section. • Self-check questions—Periodic multiple choice questions sprinkled throughout the readings help you mentally complete the “learning cycle” as you practice recalling the information as you learn it. With answers and thorough explanations at the end of each module, you can check your own learning and assess your progress toward mastering each module’s objectives. • Project prompts—“You’re ready” boxes in the module indicate at which point you’ve learned all required concepts to competently complete each project at the end of the module. By embedding this information in your learning path, you can choose to interleave hands-on activities with your reading or continue with your reading and leave the projects for later. • Flexible learning environment—New and updated skills-based projects encourage hands-on exploration of module concepts. These projects include thought-provoking questions that encourage critical thinking and in-depth evaluation of the material. The software tools used in the projects are included in Windows or freely available online, and hardware requirements are kept to a minimum, making these projects accessible to more students in a wide variety of learning environments. • Group activities—Some projects in each module offer optional group work activities to enhance the exploration of various concepts and skills. • Cloud, virtualization, and emulation technologies—Projects at the end of each module challenge you to explore concepts and apply skills with real-world tools. Many projects employ Cisco’s network simulator, Packet Tracer, so you can practice setting up a network from start to finish, including device configuration, subnetting, and extensive use of the command line. Other projects guide you in configuring virtual networks so you can experience more complex networking concepts within a single, physical computer. Some new projects also take you into AWS so you can “get your hands dirty in the cloud” and discover why IT as an industry is becoming cloud-centric. Text and Graphic Conventions Wherever appropriate, additional information and exercises have been added to this text to help you better understand the topic at hand. The following labels and icons are used throughout the text to alert you to additional materials: OSI model icons highlight the specific layer(s) of the OSI model being discussed, and they indicate when the layers of interest change throughout the module. 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface xiii Note Prolific notes draw your attention to helpful material related to the subject being described and offer expanded insights to enrich your understanding. Exam Tip The CompTIA Network+ Exam Tip icon provides helpful pointers when studying for the exam. Legacy Networking Studying older technologies can help you better understand the ways current technologies developed and what additional challenges future technologies need to overcome. By setting this information apart, you can identify which standards have become obsolete but still offer rich and insightful context for understanding networking and for preparing to take the Network+ exam. Applying Concepts Embedded Applying Concepts activities give you “just-in-time” practice with skills and concepts as you read about them. Remember this . . . The Remember this . . . feature highlights important points from each section as you finish reading that material. This invitation to pause and reflect helps you track your learning and ensure you’re absorbing the most relevant concepts as you go. Self-check To complete the learning cycle, these self-check questions help you practice recalling the information you’ve read. With answers and extensive explanations provided to readers at the end of each module, this low-stakes practice testing helps you assess how well you’re learning and what material you might need to review before completing graded work. You’re Ready These action pointers indicate when you’ve studied the concepts needed for each Hands-on Project at the end of the module. At each point, you can choose whether to take a break from reading to apply the concepts you’ve learned, or you can keep reading. These forks in the learning path encourage you to actively engage in choosing how you learn best. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xiv CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Hands-On Projects Each Hands-On Project in this course is preceded by the estimated time to complete the project, the relevant exam objective, the required resources, and a description of the project. Hands-On Projects help you understand the theory behind networking with activities using the latest network software and hardware. Capstone Projects Capstone Projects give you the opportunity to apply concepts in a more in-depth way than what the Hands-On Projects offer. By building on each other, these Capstones weave concepts from module to module, allowing you to make creative connections and see the big picture. They challenge you to demonstrate a solid understanding and application of skills required for the CompTIA Network+ exam and a career in networking. ✔ Certification Each main section of a module begins with a list of all relevant CompTIA Network+ objectives covered in that section. This unique feature highlights the important information at a glance and helps you better anticipate how deeply you need to understand the concepts covered. Instructor Materials Everything you need for your course is in one place. This collection of book-specific lecture and class tools is available online. Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor-specific resources on the Instructor Companion Site, which includes the Guide to Teaching Online; Instructor Manual; Solutions to the textbook and MindTap, and live virtual machine labs; Test Bank files; PowerPoint Presentations; Syllabus; and Student Downloads. • Guide to Teaching Online—The Guide to Teaching Online includes two main parts. Part 1 offers general technological and pedagogical considerations and resources, and Part 2 provides discipline-specific suggestions for teaching when you can’t be in the same room with students. • Electronic Instructor Manual—The Instructor Manual that accompanies this textbook includes the following items: additional instructional material to assist in class preparation—including suggestions for lecture topics, additional projects, and class discussion topics. • Solutions Manuals—The instructor resources include two solutions guides: ❍❍ The Solution and Answer Guide includes solutions to all of the module activities found in the book, including Applying Concepts, Review Questions, Hands-On Projects, and Capstone Projects. It also provides the MindTap solutions, including grading rubrics for the Networking for Life and Reflection Discussion activities, plus answers to the lab manual review questions. ❍❍ The Live Virtual Machine Labs Solution and Answer Guide includes examples of correct screenshots and answers to the inline questions found within the labs. • Test Banks with Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero—This flexible, online system allows you to do the following: ❍❍ Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage solutions. ❍❍ Create multiple test versions in an instant. ❍❍ Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface xv • PowerPoint Presentations—This course comes with a set of Microsoft PowerPoint slides for each module. These slides are meant to be used as a teaching aid for classroom presentations, to be made available to students on the network for module review, or to be printed for classroom distribution. Instructors are also at liberty to add their own slides for other topics introduced. • Syllabus—The sample syllabus provides an example of a template for setting up a 14-week course. • Student Downloads—The student downloads include Accessible Launch Text for MindTap Lab Simulations and Accessible Launch Text for MindTap Live Virtual Machine Labs. • Packet Tracer Files—A Packet Tracer solution file is provided for each Packet Tracer project through the Instructors site. Some Packet Tracer projects build on earlier Packet Tracer networks. If needed for one or more students, you can provide a previous project’s solution file as a start file for one of these progression projects. Total Solutions for Networking To access additional course materials, please visit www.cengage.com. At the www.cengage.com home page, search for the ISBN of your title (from the back cover of your book) using the search box at the top of the page. This will take you to the product page where these resources can be found. MindTap MindTap for Network+ Guide to Networks, Ninth Edition, is a personalized, fully online digital learning platform of content, assignments, and services that engages students and encourages them to think critically while allowing you to easily set your course through simple customization options. MindTap is designed to help students master the skills they need in today’s workforce. Research shows employers need critical thinkers, troubleshooters, and creative problem solvers to stay relevant in our fast-paced, technologydriven world. MindTap helps you achieve this with assignments and activities that provide hands-on practice, real-life relevance, and certification test prep. Students are guided through assignments that help them master basic knowledge and understanding before moving on to more challenging problems. All MindTap activities and assignments are tied to defined learning objectives. Readings support course objectives, while Networking for Life activities encourage learners to read articles, listen to podcasts, or watch videos to stay current with what is happening in the field of IT and networking. You can use these activities to help build student interest in the field of computer networking as well as lifelong learning habits. Reflection activities encourage self-reflection and open sharing among students to help improve their retention and understanding of the material. Videos help explain and illustrate difficult information technology concepts. Lab simulations provide students with an opportunity for hands-on experience and problem-solving practice with automatic feedback. The live virtual machine labs provide hands-on practice and give students an opportunity to troubleshoot, explore, and try different real-life solutions in a secure, private sandbox environment. Practice Test questions in the ATP app allow students to quiz themselves on specific exam domains, and the preand post-course assessments measure exactly how much they have learned. CNOW quizzes provide test questions in the style of the Network+ certification exam and help you measure how well learners mastered the material after completing each MindTap module. MindTap is designed around learning objectives and provides the analytics and reporting to easily see where the class stands in terms of progress, engagement, and completion rates. Students can access eBook content in the MindTap Reader—which offers highlighting, note taking, search, and audio, as well as mobile access. Learn more at www.cengage.com/mindtap/. Instant Access Code: (ISBN: 9780357508190) Printed Access Code: (ISBN: 9780357508206) Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xvi CompTIA Network+ Guide to Networks Lab Manual Hands-on learning is necessary to master the networking skills needed for both CompTIA’s Network+ Exam and for a career in computer networking. Network+ Guide to Networks Lab Manual, 9th Edition, is included in the MindTap course and contains hands-on exercises that use fundamental computer networking concepts as they are applied in the real world. The labs give students extra practice with challenging concepts (such as subnetting) and expanded experiences with physical, virtual, simulation, and cloud technology (such as VMs, Packet Tracer, and AWS). Each module offers review questions to reinforce mastery of networking topics and to sharpen critical thinking and ­problem-solving skills. State of the Information Technology (IT) Field Organizations depend on computers and information technology to thrive and grow. Globalization, or connecting with customers and suppliers around the world, is a direct result of the widespread use of the Internet. Rapidly changing technology further affects how companies do business and keeps the demand for skilled and certified IT workers strong across industries. Every sector of the economy requires IT professionals who can establish, maintain, troubleshoot, and extend their business systems. The latest Occupational Outlook Handbook from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (part of the U.S. Department of Labor) reports there were more than 370,000 network and computer systems administrator positions in 2019, the most recent year for which this information is available, with a predicted increase of 4 percent between 2019 and 2029. Median pay for jobs in this sector is over $83,000 annually. A somewhat more advanced job role in the same vein is computer network architect with over 160,000 jobs in 2019, a growth rate of about 5 percent, and a median income of over $112,000 annually. This median pay is the highest of all computer and IT occupations tracked by this site that only require a bachelor’s degree, even more than people working as information security analysts. You can find more information about these and related job roles at bls.gov/ooh. Overall, people employed in computer and IT occupations make a median wage over $88,000 annually with projected growth of more than 530,000 jobs by 2029. In any industry, a skilled workforce is important for continually driving business. Finding highly skilled IT workers can be a struggle for employers, given that technologies continue to change quickly. With such a short product life cycle, IT workers must strive to keep up with these changes and continually bring value to their employers. Certifications Different levels of education are required for the many jobs in the IT industry. While the level of education and type of training required varies from employer to employer, the need for qualified technicians remains a constant. As the industry continues to evolve, many employers prefer candidates who already have the skills to implement these new technologies. Companies are relying increasingly on technical certifications to adequately identify the quality and skill qualifications of a job applicant, and these certifications can offer job seekers a competitive edge over other applicants. Certifications fall into one of two categories: • Vendor-neutral certifications are those that test for the skills and knowledge required in industry job roles and do not subscribe to a vendor’s specific technology solutions. Some examples of vendor-neutral certifications include all the CompTIA certifications (comptia.org), Project Management Institute’s certifications (pmi.org), and ISACA’s certifications (isaca.org). • Vendor-specific certifications validate the skills and knowledge necessary to be successful while utilizing a specific vendor’s technology solution. Some examples of vendor-specific certifications include those offered by Microsoft (microsoft.com), AWS (aws.amazon.com), Red Hat (redhat.com), Oracle (education.oracle.com), and Cisco (learningnetwork.cisco.com). Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface xvii As employers struggle to fill open IT positions with qualified candidates, certifications are a means of validating the skill sets necessary to be successful within organizations. In most careers, salary and compensation are determined by experience and education, but in the IT field, the number and type of certifications an employee earns also determine salary and wage increases. For example, according to CompTIA, the U.S. Department of Defense and companies such as Apple, Verizon, Dell, HP, and Intel recommend or require their networking technicians attain CompTIA Network+ certification. Global Knowledge reports that certified IT staff earn, on average, 8 percent more than non-certified IT staff. In fact, according to the same report, being certified and adding new certifications is a lifestyle for a majority of IT professionals. Eighty-seven percent of all respondents already hold one certification, nearly 40 percent said they earned their most recent certification in the previous six months, and those with six or more certifications make, on average, $13,000 more than someone with only one certification. Certification provides job applicants with more than just a competitive edge over their noncertified counterparts competing for the same IT positions. Some institutions of higher education grant college credit to students who successfully pass certification exams, moving them further along in their degree programs. Certification also gives individuals who are interested in careers in the military the ability to move into higher positions more quickly. Career Planning Finding a career that fits your personality, skill set, and lifestyle is challenging and fulfilling, but can often be difficult. What are the steps you should take to find that dream career? Is IT interesting to you? Chances are, if you are reading this course, this question has already been answered. What is it about IT that you like? The world of work options in the IT industry is vast. Some questions to ask yourself: Are you a person who likes to work alone, or do you like to work in a group? Do you like speaking directly with customers, or do you prefer to stay behind the scenes? Does your lifestyle encourage a lot of travel, or do you prefer to stay in one location? All these factors influence your job decisions, and all these preferences can find a purpose in IT. Inventory assessments are a good first step to learning more about yourself, your interests, work values, and abilities. A variety of websites can offer assistance with career planning and assessments. What’s New with CompTIA Network+ Certification With its N10-008 Network+ exam, CompTIA has emphasized foundational network concepts and the latest network technologies that can serve as a launching pad for a career in networking, security, cloud, or other specialties. There’s a stronger emphasis on security, virtualization, network architecture, and troubleshooting than in past versions of the exam. Some objectives have been added, updated, or expanded, such as coverage of SDN (software-defined networking), SD-WAN (software-defined wide area network), network interface configuration, database protocols, and risk management. Some older technologies have been dropped from the objectives. As with the previous Network+ exam, the N10-008 version includes many scenario-based questions. Mastering, rather than simply memorizing, the material in this course will help you succeed on the exam and on the job. Here are the domains covered on the new CompTIA Network+ exam: Domain % of Examination Domain 1.0 Networking Fundamentals 24% Domain 2.0 Network Implementations 19% Domain 3.0 Network Operations 16% Domain 4.0 Network Security 19% Domain 5.0 Network Troubleshooting 22% Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. xviii CompTIA Network+ Guide to Netwo