Natural Sciences Grade 5 Past Paper PDF

Natural Sciences Grade 5 St. Paulus Metals & Non-Metals Properties of metals (P...

Natural Sciences Grade 5 St. Paulus Metals & Non-Metals Properties of metals (Properties of Common Metals: Mind-map in NS book) Ore Properties Malleable A type of rock that contains Qualities or characteristics of Able to be beaten or hammered minerals and metals matter and materials into shapes Ductile Rust Conducts Able to be drawn into wires The reddish-brown layer formed Carries heat or electricity when iron combines with air and water Alloy Plated Two or more metals mixed A metal coated by another metal together, or a metal mixed with a non-metal WHAT ARE MANY THINGS WE USE IN Metal EVERYDAY LIFE MADE FROM? WHY DO WE USE METALS TO MAKE Because they have certain useful properties THINGS? WHAT DOES THE PROPERTY OF A The qualities of matter and material MATERIAL REFER TO? NAME SOME OF THE USEFUL 1. Metals are strong – if we drop them PROPERTIES OF METALS: they will not break (they might bend) 2. Most metals are very hard, but a few (like pure gold), are much softer 3. Metals are shiny – sometimes you cannot see the shine until you rub/scratch them 4. Metals can be hammered or beaten into useful shapes (we say metals are malleable) – they can also be rolled into thin sheets (like kitchen foil) 5. Metals can be drawn (pulled out) into thin wires – we say they are ductile. Most electric wires are made of copper Summarised for Jamie van Heerden 6. Metals melt at high temperature – this means we can use metal pots for boiling water without damaging the pot Some common metals and their special properties WHAT IS IRON? A metal that has been used by humans in Africa for a very long time It is used to make objects such as tools, nails, fence posts, wire fencing and weapons because it is strong and hard. WHAT IS A PROBLEM WITH IRON? It rusts WHAT IS GOLD? A valuable metal It is very malleable so it is easily worked into jewellery It always shines and never goes dull, so it makes pretty jewellery The people of Mapungubwe used gold sheets to make precious objects very long ago WHAT IS SILVER? Also a valuable metal which has been used for about 8 000 years It shines brightly and is also popular for making jewellery WHAT IS COPPER? Another metal that has been used since about 6 000 BC to make ornaments and weapons It conducts electricity very well and is used for electric wires WHAT IS ALUMINIUM? It is a very light, but strong, metal It is used in aircraft construction There is more aluminium in the earth than any other metal WHAT IS ZINC? A metal that is used to cover iron – so that iron does not rust Many water buckets are made of iron, but coated with zinc. Coating metals WHAT DO WE OFTEN MAKE AN From a cheaper metal – we add a OBJECT FROM? thin layer of a shinier, more expensive metal on the outside We say these items are plated © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright  Summarised for Jamie van Heerden NAME EXAMPLES OF PLATED ITEMS: Silver knives and spoons (silver- plated) The silver is just on the outside HOW ARE SOUTH AFRICAN COINS 5c coin: steel, plated with copper PLATED? 10c, 20c and 50c coins: steel, plated with bronze R1, R2 and old R5 coins: copper, plated with nickel WHEN DO SOME METALS (THAT START When they are exposed to air or water OFF SHINY) BECOME DULL? Properties of Non-metals Types of tests used for metals and non-metals (notes in NS book) Brittle Polymer Ceramic Easily breaks or shatters into Plastics, rubber and certain fabrics Objects made from clay or sand pieces when dropped, hit or bent WHY ARE NON-METALS USED TO Because they have certain properties MAKE THINGS? NAME THE MAIN PROPERTIES NON- Break easily – they are not as METALS HAVE: strong as metals. Some non-metals are so brittle they will break ans shatter if you drop or knock them Non-metals are dull. When you scratch them or cut them, they will not shine They are poor conducters of heat. The plastic on a knife handle may get hot when you put it in hot water but it doesn’t carry the heat like the metal part of the knife HOW ARE NON-METALS DIFFERENT TO Non-metals are more malleable – METALS? they cannot be hammered into shapes Non-metals are not ductile – they cannot be pulled into wires Non-metals do not get shiny when scratched or sanded Non-metals do not conduct heat NAME EXAMPLES OF SOME NON- Glass, sand, clay, wood, plastic, METALS: rubber, leather, fabric, water and oil All the gases that make up the air, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, are also non-metals © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden WHAT ARE PLASTIC, RUBBER AND Polymers FABRICS CALLED? CERAMICS: Everthing made of clay or sand, like glass and pottery Uses of metals Other properties of metals Magnetic Attracted Tarnish Attracted to a magnet Pulled towards When a shiny metal gets a dull appearance Corrode A metal breaking down Metals are useful Examples of the properties of metals 1. Metals conduct heat WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU PUT Before long you would feel the rod ONE END OF A METAL ROD INTO A becoming hot in your hand FIRE? WHY? The heat passes along the rod (We say the metal conducts the heat) Metals are good conducters of heat WHY DO POTS HAVE A pot with a metal handle would be too hot WOODEN/PLASTIC HANDLES? to pick up when it has been on the stove WHY ARE POTS AND PANS MADE Because the metal conducts heat FROM METAL? 2. Magnetism and metals SOME METALS ARE MAGNETIC. WHAT The metals are attracted to the HAPPENS IF YOU BRING THESE magnet METALS CLOSE TO A MAGNET? This means they "stick" to the magnet WHAT ARE METALS THAT ARE Magnetic ATTRACTED TO MAGNETS? © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden ARE THEY MAGNETS THEMSELVES? No WHAT HAPPENS IF A PIECE OF METAL It will not be attracted to a magnet IS NOT MAGNETIC? WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT Iron MAGNETIC METAL? NAME THE ONLY TWO OTHER METALS Nickel and cobalt THAT ARE MAGNETIC: 3. Metals rust or tarnish WHAT ARE NEARLY ALL METALS The air and water (it makes the metals AFFECTED BY? change) WHAT DOES AIR DO TO METAL? All metals start of bright and shiny, but in the air they go dull after a few weeks WHICH METALS HAVE A FAIRLY THIN Many metals like copper, aluminium LAYER THAT CAN BECOME DULL? and zinc. We say the metals tarnish/corrode. WHICH METAL STAYS SHINY BECAUSE Gold IT DOES NOT CORRODE? WHICH METAL GETS A BLACKISH Silver LAYER, WHICH NEEDS TO BE CLEANED OFF? WHICH METAL CORRODES VERY Iron EASILY? When iron corrodes we say it rusts NAME THE ONLY METAL THAT RUSTS Iron WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IRON RUSTS? The iron turns reddish-brown and breaks down into small bits Iron objects that rust are badly damaged and weakened WILL STEEL ALSO RUST? Yes metal alloys that contain lots of iron (like steel) also rust How to stop iron and steel from rusting IRON OBJECTS HAS TO BE 1. Coat them in plastic PROTECTED FROM AIR AND WATER TO 2. Paint them STOP THEM FROM RUSTING. NAME 4 3. Coat them with another metal that WAYS TO PROTECT THESE OBJECTS: does not rust 4. Coat them with oil or grease Uses of metals © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden Structures Structure Ornamental Recycle Framework for support Making something look attractive Process of reusing old material to make new objects THERE ARE MANY USES OF METALS IN In the buildings around us MODERN LIFE. GIVE 3 EXAMPLES: In our transport In our homes WHY DO THE FRAMEWORK OF Because steel is so strong SCYSCRAPERS AND LARGE BUILDINGS SUCH AS WAREHOUSES, HAVE A STEEL STRUCTURE? PYLONS CARRY ELECTRIC WIRES, Steel structures WHAT TYPE OF STRUCTERS ARE PYLONS? WHAT DO SOME BUILDINGS USE FOR Sheets of metal, usually iron covered with THE WALLS AND ROOFS? zinc Transport WHAT ARE CAR BODIES AND Steel (expensive ones may be made of BICYCLES MADE OF? aluminium) WHAT TYPE OF ALLOYS ARE USED Steel alloys FOR TRAINS AND SHIPS? WHAT HAS TO BE DONE TO SHIPS Ships need to be painted regulary REGULARY TO PREVENT THEM FROM RUSTING WHY DOES THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Aluminium is a very light metal USE ALUMINIUM ALLOYS FOR AEROPLANES? Industry WHICH METALS ARE USED FOR Iron and steel MACHINERY THAT MAKES THINGS IN FACTORIES? WHY ARE WORKER'S TOOLS USUALLY Worker's tools need to be strong MADE OF METAL? Decorative items © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright  Summarised for Jamie van Heerden WHY ARE JEWELLERY AND Because these metals shine brightly and do ORNAMENTAL ITEMS MADE FROM not tarnish GOLD, SILVER AND COPPER? Everyday items NAME A FEW EXAMPLES OF Coins, door handles, taps, cooking pots, EVERYDAY ITEMS MADE FROM METAL: knives and forks, wheelbarrows, tools and spades Stored Energy in Fuels Fuels Fuel Stored energy Input energy A substance that can be eaten or Energy that is stored in something, The energy we need to “put in” to burned to produce energy example: in food or fuel start a fuel burning It can be changed into another Output energy form of energy when it is used The energy, such as heat and light energy, that is produced when a fuel burns Energy is stored in fuels WHEN DO WE USE ENERGY? Every day Our bodies use energy to walk, run and play WHERE DOES THAT ENERGY COME Our bodies get energy from the food we eat FROM? NAME SOME ACTIVITIES WE DO THAT We cook our food NEEDS ENERGY: Use light to see at night Heat water to wash ourselves We travel from oe place to another WHERE DO WE GET THIS ENERGY This energy can come from fuel FROM? WHAT IS FUEL? Something that can be eaten or burned to make heat, light or movement energy The energy is stored in the fuel WHAT YOU LEARNED IN GRADE 4: Energy from the Sun is used by plants to make food © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden The plant uses the Sun’s energy to make its own food It stores this food in its roots, leaves, stems and fruit This food is then available for animals and people to eat Until a piece of fruit is eaten, the energy remains stored in the fruit Because food contains stored energy, it is sometimes called “fuel for the body” NAME ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF FUELS A pile of wood doesn’t seem to have THAT STORE ENERGY: energy at all. However, when we burn the wood, the stored energy is released to make heat and light We use fuels as sources of useful energy WHAT ARE COAL, NATURAL GAS AND Fuels PARAFFIN? Useful sources of energy that we use every day WHAT DO WE USE THE STORED For many different things ENERGY IN THESE FUELS FOR? Example: Heating Lighting our homes Cooking WHAT IS CANDLE WAX? Also a fuel Candles were originally made of beeswax or various plant waxes, but now they are more commonly made of paraffin wax The energy is stored in the wax, which is used up as the candle burns The energy is used to make light and some heat WHAT IS PETROL? A liquid fuel Energy is stored in the petrol Cars and taxis get their energy from the petrol © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden The petrol is stored in the car’s petrol tank When the petrol is burned in the car’s engine, the heat energy makes the engine work, which makes the car move Fuels need input energy to make them burn WHAT DO FUELS NEED TO START Some energy THEM BURNING? Example: A candle needs a burning match to set its wick alight The match provides what we call input energy This is energy that needs to be “put in” to start the fuel burning DIFFERENT FUELS NEED DIFFERENT A paraffin lamp and candle are easy AMOUNTS OF INPUT ENERGY. GIVE AN to light EXAMPLE OF THIS: You just need to bring a burning match near the wick and it will start burning Heavy wooden logs will need more than a burning match to make a fire They need larger amounts of input energy Firelighters are often used WHAT ARE FIRELIGHTERS? Substances that burn easily and are used to start fires We get useful output energy by burning fuels WHAT HAPPENS WHEN FUELS START The stored energy inside is released BURNING? and changed to other forms of energy like heat and light We call this output energy WHY DO WE USE FUELS? To get many useful forms of output energy Burning fuels Firefighters People who are trained to help put Extinguish out uncontrolled fires To put a fire or light out © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden WHAT DO FUELS NEED TO SET THEM Heat ALIGHT? WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR FUELS TO Heat and oxygen KEEP BURNING? WHAT IS OXYGEN? A gas in the air All fires need oxygen to keep burning WHAT FORMS THE FIRE TRIANGLE? Fuel, heat and oxygen WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF ANY OF THESE The fire will be extinguished (it will stop ARE TAKEN AWAY? burning) WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE LIGHT A A burning match is brought near the CANDLE? candle wick The heat from the flame melts the wax and turns a small amount of the candle wax fuel into a gas This gas mixes with the oxygen in the air to make a flame WHEN WILL A CANDLE BURN? A candle will only burn if it has: Fuel – something that burns Oxygen – Found in the air around us Input energy – Something to start the burning WHAT WERE THE MOST COMMON Candles SOURCE OF LIGHTNING BEFORE ELECTRIC LIGHTS WERE AVAILABLE? WHAT IS A CANDLE SNUFFER? It was used to put candles out It was usually a small metal cup on the end of a long handle How does a candle snuffer work? FUEL NEEDS HEAT AND OXYGEN TO By removing one of these things KEEP BURNING. HOW CAN THE FLAME BE EXTINGGUISHED? WHICH OF THESE THINGS DOES A It smothers the flame by preventing oxygen CANDLE SNUFFER REMOVE? from reaching it WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU BLOW Your breath moves the heat of the burning OUT A CANDLE? gas from its fuel WHAT MUST WE DO TO STOP A FIRE We must cut off the oxygen supply FROM BURNING? You could cover the flames completely with something like a wet blanket (which prevents the flames from getting more oxygen from the air around it) © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden Water will also cut off the oxygen supply as well as cool the fire and remove the heat from it NAME 3 THINGS A FIREFIGHTER MUST A firefighter must do at least 3 of these DO TO PUT OUT A FIRE: things: 1. Remove all fuel from the fire 2. Remove the heat so that the fuel will stop burning 3. Smother the fire by preventing oxygen getting to the fuel Safety with fire Prevent To keep something from happening WHICH FIRES ARE USEFUL? Controlled fires WHY? They provide heat – which keeps us warm We use fire to cook food WHEN CAN FIRES BE VERY HARMFUL? When not controlled HOW DO SOME FIRES START By accident NAME 3 THINGS UNCONTROLLED It can harm plants and animals FIRES CAN DO: It can damage property It can put people’s lives in danger WHO CAN HELP TO PUT FIRES OUT? Specially trained firefighters WAYS TO PREVENT FIRES: Do not play with matches or lighters Do not pour any fuel like petrol, lighter gel onto a buring fire Make sure candles are in sturdy candleholders and never put a candle near anything that might catch fire (curtains, books) Place fireguards in front of fireplaces Do not dry clothes on or near a heater or cooker Never leave pots cooking on a stove when an adult is not in the kitchen If you suspect a gas leak from a cylinder, turn off the supply and call a gas supplier Do not use damaged electrical appliances Always make sure you extinguish an outdoor campfire or fire used for braaing food WHAT ACTION TO TAKE DURING A Stay calm FIRE: If there is smoke, stay low on the ground (in a fire the poisonous © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright  Summarised for Jamie van Heerden gases in smoke can hurt people more than the actual flames) Keep low so that you breathe in less smoke, and crawl away from the fire Make your way to the nearest exit Get out of the building asap and call the fire station WHAT CAN FIRES BE IN OUR A threat COMMUNITIES? Energy and electricity Cells and Batteries 128, 129, 130 Cells and batteries Electrochemical cell Battery Switch Changes the energy in chemicals A source of stored energy that is Controls the electricity in an into electricity made of one or more electrochemical electric circuit cells Electrical circuit A system that provides a path for the transfer of electricity Energy can be stored in cells and batteries WHAT CHANGES THE ENERGY IN An electrochemical cell CHEMICALS INTO ELECTRICITY? WHAT IS A BATTERY MADE OF? One or more electrochemical cells SOME ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES USE batteries ____ AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY GIVE AN EXAMPLE: A torch uses energy that is stored in a battery It is controlled by a switch When the torch is switched on, the chemical energy in the cells is changed into electricity The electricity goes to the light bulb The bulb changes the electricity into light energy THE TWO ENDS OF A CELL ARE One is called the positive end DIFFERENT: EXPLAIN WHY: The other is called the negative end © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright Summarised for Jamie van Heerden WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ALL THE The appliance will stop working ENERGY STORED IN A CELL HAS BEEN We say that the cell or battery is USED UP BY THE APPLIANCE? “flat” or “dead” SOME TYPES OF BATTERIES CAN BE Recharged USED AGAIN IF THEY ARE ______ Plugging a cellphone into a charger that is plugged into mains electricity recharges the battery The energy from the electricity is transferred via the charger and stored in the chemicals in the cell WHAT DO WE CALL BATTERIES THAT Rechargeable batteries CAN BE RECHARGED? WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO OLD Harmful chemicals can leak out of BATTERIES? old batteries They can pollute the soil and water, and affect people’s health WHY MUST YOU NEVER PUT They can explode BATTERIES IN A FIRE? WHO COLLECTS OLD BATTERIES? Some shops and waste centres The batteries are taken for recyling or to a special waste disposal site that stores dangerous waste Electrical energy is transferred in a circuit HOW ARE THE PARTS OF A TORCH In a loop that begins and ends at the THAT CARRY ELECTRICITY JOINED battery TOGETHER? WHAT IS THIS SYSTEM CALLED? An electrical circuit WHAT DOES ALL ELECTRICAL Circuits APPLIANCES HAVE? It takes electrical energy from the energy source, such as the battery or mains electricity, to where it is needed, and back to the source WHAT HAPPENS IF PART OF THE The appliance will not work ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IS BROKEN? Extra notes in NS (components & symbols of electric circuits, draw a simple circuit) © 2024 Copyright Leer & Presteer Summaries – 065 412 9317 – please respect our copyright