IT-Workshop Module 1 PDF

IT-Workshop Course Code : 100113 By- Prof. Tapan kumar Purnea College of Engineering, Purnea (Bihar Engineering University, Patna) (DSTTE, Patna, Govt. of Bihar)  Syllabus: Module -1: PC HARDWARE(6 lectures) Topics to be covered: ❑Identification of the peripherals...

IT-Workshop Course Code : 100113 By- Prof. Tapan kumar Purnea College of Engineering, Purnea (Bihar Engineering University, Patna) (DSTTE, Patna, Govt. of Bihar)  Syllabus: Module -1: PC HARDWARE(6 lectures) Topics to be covered: ❑Identification of the peripherals of a computer. ❑components in a CPU and its functions. ❑Block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral. ❑Functions of Motherboard. ❑ Assembling and Disassembling of PC. ❑Installation of OS. ❑Basic Linux commands. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 2 Block diagram of Computer Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 3  Identification of the peripherals of a computer  What Does Peripheral Device Mean? A Peripheral Device is defined as a device that provides input/output functions for a computer and serves as an auxiliary computer device without computing-intensive functionality. A peripheral device is also called a peripheral, computer peripheral, input-output device, or I/O device.  Classification of Peripheral devices: It is generally classified into 4 basic categories which are given below: 1. Input Devices 2. Output Devices 3. Storage Devices 4. Communication Devices Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 4  1. Input Devices: The input device is defined as it converts incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are comprehensible to a digital computer. Example: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone etc. Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device that allows users to enter text and commands into a computer system. Mouse: A mouse is an input device that allows users to control the cursor on a computer screen. Scanner: A scanner is an input device that allows users to convert physical documents and images into digital files. Microphone: A microphone is an input device that allows users to record audio. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 5 2. Output Devices: An output device is a hardware component of a computer that displays or presents information to the user. Output devices convert data from machine language into a human-understandable form, such as text, graphics, audio, or video. The output device is also performed for sending data from one computer system to another. Example: Monitors, headphones, printers etc. Monitor: A monitor is an output device that displays visual information from a computer system. Printer: A printer is an output device that produces physical copies of documents or images. Speaker: A speaker is an output device that produces audio. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 6 3. Storage Devices: Storage devices are used to store data in the system which is required for performing any operation in the system. The storage device is one of the most required devices and also provides better compatibility. Example: Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash memory etc. Hard Drive: A hard drive is a storage device that stores data and files on a computer system. USB Drive: A USB drive is a small, portable storage device that connects to a computer system to provide additional storage space. Memory Card: A memory card is a small, portable storage device that is commonly used in digital cameras and smartphones. External Hard Drive: An external hard drive is a storage device that connects to a computer system to provide additional storage space. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 7 4. Communication Devices: Communication devices are used to connect a computer system to other devices or networks. Examples of communication devices includes : Modem, Network Card, Router etc. Modem(Modulator + Demodulator): A modem is a communication device that allows a computer system to connect to the internet. Network Card (NIC: Network Interface Card): A network card is a communication device that allows a computer system to connect to a network. Router: A router is a communication device that allows multiple devices to connect to a network. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 8 Components in a CPU and its functions A central processing unit, or CPU. The main part of a computer is system processing. Because it carries out commands, performs calculations, and regulates the data flow inside the computer That’s why CPU is also known as the brain of the computer. The CPU interprets and executes instructions from the computer’s memory, including arithmetic and logical operations, instructions for moving data around, and instructions for controlling flow. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 9  Components of a CPU  Control Unit (CU)  Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  Registers-A register in a computer is a small, high-speed storage space in the CPU that holds data and instructions for quick processing.  Cache  Bus Interface Unit (BIU)-fetching instructions from memory and decoding them.  Instruction Decoder  Clock- internal timing device, The clock's speed is measured in hertz (Hz).  Pipeline-allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously in a CPU  Floating-Point Unit (FPU)- a hardware component in a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that performs mathematical operations on floating-point numbers. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 10 What is a Computer Bus?  A computer bus is a communication system within a computer or between computers that transfers data between different components.  A bus is a set of physical connections (cables, circuits, etc.) that can be shared by multiple hardware components to communicate with one another. Memory and input/ output devices are connected to the Central Processing Unit through a group of lines called a bus.  These lines are designed to transfer data between different components. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 11  Types of Computer Bus Three main types of Computer Bus are: 1. Address Bus. 2. Data Bus. 3. Control Bus 1. Address Bus: A collection of wires used to identify particular location in main memory is called Address Bus.  The address bus transports memory addresses which the processor wants to access in order to read or write data.  The address bus is unidirectional.  The size of address bus determines how many unique memory locations can be addressed. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 12 2. Data Bus: A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another is called Data Bus.  The main objective of data bus is transfer of the data between microprocessor to input/ output devices or memory.  The data bus transfers instructions coming from or going to the processor.  The data bus is bidirectional because the data can flow in either direction from CPU to memory(or input/output device) or from memory to the CPU. 3. Control Bus: The connections that carry control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer is called Control Bus.  The main objective of control bus is all signals controller carried from processor to other hardware device.  The control bus transports orders and synchronization signal coming from the control unit and travelling to all other hardware components  The Control bus is bidirectional because the data can flow in either direction from CPU to memory(or input/output device) or from memory to the CPU.  tt also transmits response signals from the hardware. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 13  Functions of a CPU  A computer system’s central processing unit (CPU) handles a number of crucial tasks. Its principal function is to complete tasks by processing data and following instructions. The following are a CPU’s main functions: 1. Fetching Instructions: The CPU normally retrieves instructions from the computer’s memory in a specific order set by the programme counter. It collects the instructions one at a time and gets them ready for processing. 2. Decoding Instructions: The control unit of the CPU decodes the instructions after they have been fetched. To ascertain the kind of operation to be carried out and the data involved, it analyses the instructions. 3. Executing Instructions: After decoding, the CPU carries out the required calculations, data manipulations, or control flow activities to carry out the instructions. The actual processing happens in this area. Addition, subtraction, comparisons, and Boolean operations are only a few of the mathematical and logical operations that the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is in charge of doing. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 14 4. Managing Registers: The CPU features a number of registers that are used to store data and interim findings. Operands, addresses, and other information needed for calculations are temporarily stored in these registers. Data transfer between registers and memory is controlled by the CPU. 5. Controlling Program Flow: The control portion of the CPU directs the flow of instructions and regulates the order of operations. The programme counter and any conditionals or branching instructions determine the next instruction to be executed. Because of this, the CPU may choose among various execution paths and make decisions. 6. Handling Interrupts: The CPU manages interrupts, which are signals that momentarily stop a programme from running normally. Both internal and external events might cause interruptions, such as keyboards and timers. In order to respond to the interrupt, the CPU pauses the currently running process, saves its state, and then jumps to an interrupt handler code. The CPU continues the paused job after processing the interrupt. 7. Managing Caches: Caches, which are compact and quick memory modules placed closer to the CPU than the main memory, may be present in the CPU. Caches reduce memory access latency to boost performance by storing frequently used instructions and data. When the cache is full, the CPU decides which data to evict while still managing cache activities, which include fetching data from memory into the cache. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 15 8. Arithmetic and Logic Operations: The CPU performs basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also handles logical operations such as comparisons, bitwise operations, and boolean operations. 9. Control Unit: The CPU includes a control unit that coordinates and manages the execution of instructions. It controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory, and other peripherals. 10. Virtual Memory Management: The CPU works in conjunction with the operating system to manage virtual memory, which allows processes to use more memory than physically available. It handles memory addressing, page table lookups, and swapping data between RAM and disk storage. 11. Interrupt Handling: The CPU handles interrupts, which are signals from hardware devices or software that require immediate attention. It suspends the current execution, saves the state, and transfers control to the appropriate interrupt handler. 12. I/O Operations: The CPU communicates with input and output devices, such as keyboards, mice, displays, and storage devices. It coordinates data transfers between these devices and the computer’s memory. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 16 Block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 17 Introduction & Functions of Motherboard Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 18 A motherboard provides connectivity between the hardware components of a computer, like the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. A motherboard's main functions are to connect a computer's internal components, provide power, and allow them to communicate with each other. The motherboard is a crucial component of a computer, serving several key functions:  Central Hub: It acts as the main circuit board, connecting all components of the computer, including the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and peripheral devices.  Power Distribution: The motherboard distributes electrical power from the power supply to the CPU, RAM, and other components.  Data Communication: It facilitates data transfer between the CPU, memory, and other hardware through buses (data, address, and control buses).  Input/output Interfaces: The motherboard provides ports and connectors for input and output devices, such as USB ports, audio jacks, and network interfaces. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 19  BIOS/UEFI Firmware: It contains firmware that initializes hardware during the boot process and provides runtime services for operating systems and programs.  Expansion Slots: The motherboard includes slots (like PCIe) for adding expansion cards (graphics cards, sound cards, etc.) to enhance functionality.  Chipset Integration: The chipset on the motherboard controls communication between the CPU, RAM, and other peripherals, influencing performance and compatibility.  Memory Management: It manages RAM slots and their communication with the CPU, facilitating efficient data access. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 20  Motherboard components in detail with source Link: Expansion slots (PCI Express, PCI, 24-pin ATX power supply connector and AGP (accelerated graphics port)) Serial ATA connections 3-pin case fan connectors Coin cell battery (CMOS backup battery) Back pane connectors RAID (redundant array of independent Heat sink disks) interface 4-pin (P4) power connector System panel connectors Inductor FWH (firmware hub) Capacitor Southbridge CPU socket Serial port connector Northbridge USB (universal serial bus) headers Screw hole Jumpers Memory slot Integrated circuit Super I/O 1394 headers ATA/IDE disk drive primary connection S/PDIF (Sony and Phillips Digital Interconnect Format) CD-IN Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 21  Assembling and Disassembling of PC Computer Assembly Steps: Step 1: Open Case. Remove the back screws. Step 2: Mount Motherboard. Screw motherboard standoffs into the case. Step 3: Mount Processor (CPU). Step 4: Install CPU Cooler. Step 5: Install Power Supply (PSU). Step 6: Mount Memory (RAM). Step 7: Install Graphics Card. Step 8: Mount Storage Drives. Step 9: Plug your computer and peripheral items. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 22  Assembling and Disassembling of PC Computer disassemble Steps: Step 1: Unplug your computer and peripheral items. Step 2: Remove side covers. Step 3: Disconnect connectors. Disconnect all the cables from the motherboard. Step 4 : Unscrew the motherboard from the frame. Step 5: Remove standalone fans. Step 6: Remove the storage drive. Step 7: Remove memory (RAM) modules. Step 8: Remove power supply unit(SMPS). Step 9: Remove motherboard adapter or expansion cards. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 23  Installation of OS The following is an overview of the procedures that are needed to install a new operating system (OS): Step 1: Choose your OS Step 2: Backup your data Step 3: Prepare your installation media Step 4: Install the new OS Step 5: Configure your new OS Step 6: Restore your data and programs Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 24 Step 1: Choose your OS  The first step is to decide which OS you want to install on your computer.  There are many factors to consider, such as compatibility, performance, security, features, and personal preference.  Some of the most popular OS choices are Windows 10, Ubuntu Linux, and Mac OS Catalina.  You can also choose to dual-boot or run multiple OS on the same computer, but this requires more advanced skills and configuration. Step 2: Backup your data  The second step is to backup your data before installing a new OS.  This is very important, as you may lose some or all of your files during the installation process, depending on the type and method of installation.  You can backup your data to an external hard drive, a cloud service, or a flash drive, depending on the size and location of your files. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 25 Step 3: Prepare your installation media  The third step is to prepare your installation media, which is the source of the OS files that you will use to install the new OS.  There are two main types of installation media: optical discs and USB drives. Optical discs, such as CDs or DVDs, are more traditional and reliable, but they may not be compatible with newer computers that do not have a disc drive.  USB drives, such as flash drives or external hard drives, are more convenient and faster, but they may require some formatting and booting settings.. Step 4: Install the new OS  This is the most critical and complex step, as it involves several steps and options that vary depending on the OS and the installation media.  Generally, you will need to insert or connect your installation media to your computer, restart your computer, and follow the instructions on the screen.  You may need to change some settings in your BIOS or boot menu to boot from the installation media.  You may also need to choose between different types of installation, such as clean install, upgrade install, or custom install. A clean install will erase everything on your hard drive and install the new OS from scratch. An upgrade install will keep your files and settings and install the new OS over the old one. A custom install will let you choose which partitions and drives to use and format for the new OS. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 26 Step 5: Configure your new OS  The fifth step is to configure your new OS after the installation is complete.  This is where you can customize your new OS to suit your needs and preferences.  You can change the language, time zone, keyboard layout, display settings, network settings, security settings, and other options.  You can also activate your OS with a product key or a license if required. You can also install the drivers and updates for your hardware and software to ensure optimal performance and compatibility. Step 6: Restore your data and programs  The final step is to restore your data and programs that you backed up before the installation.  You can copy your files from your backup media to your new OS or use a backup software or service to restore them.  You can also reinstall your programs from their original sources or download them from the internet. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 27  Basic Linux commands Introduction to Linux: Linux is a widely-used open-source operating system.  The Linux Operating System is a type of operating system that is similar to Unix, and it is built upon the Linux Kernel.  The Linux Kernel is like the brain of the operating system because it manages how the computer interacts with its hardware and resources.  Linux Kernel alone is not enough to make a complete operating system. To create a full and functional system, the Linux Kernel is combined with a collection of software packages and utilities, which are together called Linux distributions.  These distributions make the Linux Operating System ready for users to run their applications and perform tasks on their computers securely and effectively. Linux distributions come in different flavors: Ubuntu, Debian, Red Hat etc. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 28  Basic Linux Terminal Commands Linux Commands Functions Displays information about files in the current 1. Is command in Linux directory. 2. pwd command in Linux Displays the current working directory. 3. mkdir command in Linux Creates a directory. 4. cd command in Linux To navigate between different folders. 5. rmdir command in Linux Removes empty directories from the directory lists. 6. cp command in Linux Copy files from one directory to another. 7. mv command in Linux Rename and Replace the files 8. rm command in Linux Delete files 9. uname command in Linux Command to get basic information about the OS 10. locate command in Linux Find a file in the database. Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 29  11. touch command in Linux Create empty files 12. ln command in Linux Create shortcuts to other files 13. cat command in Linux Display file contents on terminal 14. clear command in Linux Clear terminal 15. ps command in Linux Display the processes in terminal 16. man command in Linux Access manual for all Linux commands 17. grep command in Linux Search for a specific string in an output 18. echo command in Linux Print string or text to the terminal 19. wget command in Linux download files from the internet. 20. whoami command in Linux Displays the current users name Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 30  21. sort command in Linux sort the file content 22. cal command in Linux View Calendar in terminal View the exact location of any command 23. whereis command in Linux typed after this command 24. df command in Linux Check the details of the file system Check the lines, word count, and characters 25. wc command in Linux in a file using different options Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 31 Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 32 End of Module-1 Thank You Prof. Tapan Kumar @PCE, Purnea 33