IT Summary 2 PDF

Definitions : 1)Newmark “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. 2) Hatim and Munday “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)” 3) Catford “The replacement of textual material i...

Definitions : 1)Newmark “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. 2) Hatim and Munday “the process of transferring a written text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)” 3) Catford “The replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL” 4) Nida and Taber “translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message”. *the most comprehensive definition of the three definitions as it relates translation to the problems of languages, meaning, and equivalence. *It is based on the approach that stresses the importance of preserving the effect of the original Equivalence :The relationship of the sameness of meaning that exists between the source text and the target text Translation Process : is concerned with all related activities utilized in the act of translation. It is a halfway operation between the final output and the theoretical foundations Translation Theory : refers to the set of methods and strategies used in explaining how translation is or should be done. Translation Studies : is a term used to describe any scholarly work on translation that is not as a fixed theory such as a descriptive analysis of translated works Translation Methods (Approaches) : 1.Intralingual Translation “interpreting verbal signs by employing other signs in the same language Ex : explain something to a child 2.Interlingual Translation (Translation Proper) “the actual process of translation from one language to another. *the transfer of verbal signs by using signs of some other language  3.Inter-semiotic Translation The transfer of verbal signs by means of non-verbal signs 4.Word-for-word Translation: The translator sticks to the source text word order overlooking the syntactical features of the TL. (The sentence is grammatically incorrect). Usage :useful in syntactic analysis of foreign languages to show equivalence and position of each word in ST. 5.Literal Translation: It involves word-for-word translation, and the meaning of words is derived straight from the dictionary while keeping TL grammar and word order intact. *Usage : technical and scientific 6.Semantic Translation : It aims at transferring the exact contextual meaning of the source text, governed by the semantic and syntactic structure of the target language, i.e. the translator sticks to the ST ignoring the real usage in the target culture. Usage : literary and religious texts. 7.Communicative Translation: It refers to the type of translation that makes the target text as close as possible to the source text functionally and pragmatically. Therefore, it is reader-oriented. Usage : mainly in translating informative and vocative texts, such as : Textbooks ,newspapers ,academic writings ST: Nice hair cut ! ‫ !!نعــــــيما‬:TT ‫تشرفت بمعرفتك‬:ST TT: Nice to meet you. 8. Free Translation: It is unbounded. It is a translation in which equivalence freely move up and down the rank scale. It produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original,and it includes normal word ordered syntax, so that the translation can be naturally understood. It preserves the meaning of the original but uses natural forms of the target language translation procedure “applied by translators to solve a given problem in the ST.” translation strategy by Loescher “a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text , or any segment of it.”