Introduction to Psychology 1st Semester PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER itp reviewer by jang : ) 3. Experimental Psychology: Conducts scientific research. LEC 1: THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR...

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER itp reviewer by jang : ) 3. Experimental Psychology: Conducts scientific research. LEC 1: THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 4. Behavioral Neuroscience/Biological PSYCHOLOGY Psychology: Studies how brain/biology influences behavior. – Comes from the Greek word psyche and logos means the study of the soul 5. Comparative Psychology: Study of animal – Scientific study and practical application of behavior to understand similarities and observable behavior and mental processes of an differences with human behavior. organism 6. Developmental Psychology: Studies GOALD AND OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY development across the lifespan. Describe 7. Social Psychology: Looks at how society Predict impacts behavior. Explain/Understand 8. Personality Psychology Control. - It is individual differences in thoughts, or CUPD emotions, and behaviors. - One of the theories of psychology Describe: Detailed characterization 9. School and Educational Psychology: Understand: Organize facts to explain how Supports student learning and addresses and why behaviors occur. school-related issues. Predict: Anticipate future behavior 10. Industrial and Organizational Control: Alter or manage behavior Psychology: Improves workplace productivity and satisfaction. PSYCHOLOGY VS PSYCHIATRY 11. Psychometrics: Develops and validates psychological tests. Psychology: 12. Abnormal Psychology: Focuses on mental - Clinical Psychologists. disorders and abnormal behavior. - Uses psychotherapy to treat psychological disorders. 13. Forensic Psychology: Deals with legal and criminal justice issues. Psychiatry: 14. Peace Psychology: Promotes harmonious - Psychiatrists. social relationships and conflict resolution. - Can prescribe medication and provide 15. Cognitive Psychology: Studies internal psychotherapy. mental processes like attention and CAREERS AND SPECIALIZATIONS IN memory. PSYCHOLOGY DOS AND DON’TS IN PSYCHOLOGY 1. Clinical Psychology: Treats mental health Don’ts: disorders. Generalization. 2. Counseling Psychology: Addresses Labeling People normal life and developmental issues. Stereotypes  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER Faulty Explanations Case Study - current condition through a detailed/biography life story. Dos: Archival Research - Historical data to Cautious understand behavioral patterns over time. Listen Application: Examines past records or documents. Slow to Speak Experimental Method - Determine the Observant effect of one variable on another. Empathetic Variables: Independent Variable (IV) & Dependent Variable (DV) Application: Conduct controlled experiments Pseudo-Psychology – It refers to practices that to explore cause-and-effect relationships. are false or lacking scientific basis. Correlation Method - Evaluate the ex: astrology & pychic relationship between two variables. SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURE IN PSYCHOLOGY Human Behavior - Response or reaction of an 5 STAGES OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: individual, which can be observed and measured, whether covert or overt, rational or irrational, 1. State the Problem conscious or unconscious, and simple or complex. 2. Formulate Hypothesis - Develop null (Ho) and alternative hypotheses. LEC 2: PSYCHOLOGY AS A WHOLE 3. Gather Data/Findings WILHEM WUNDT – father of psychology 4. Hypothesis Testing 5. Conclusion and Recommendation SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN PSYCHOLOGY TYPES OF RESEARCH 5 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Basic Research - Advances knowledge Structuralism without immediate practical application. Functionalism Ex: Investigating the nature of memory. Gestalt Applied Research - Solves practical Behaviorism problems Psychoanalytic Ex: Developing methods to enhance STRUCTURALISM: CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE memory. - Everything can be broken down into RESEARCH METHODS structures/elements through introspection. Naturalistic Observation - Observes - Pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt and his students. behavior in its natural setting - Titchener, together with Wundt, believed that the mind is built with elements as sensations, Survey-Questionnaire - Structured set of images, ideas, and feelings. pretested questions  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER - This first major school of thought in IVAN PAVLOV - Developed "Conditioned Reflex" or psychology and also influenced the Classical Conditioning, where repeated pairing of development of experimental psychology. two stimuli results in a different response Experiment: Dog (meat powder and bell) FUNCTIONALISM: ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR - Brain improves for the purpose of bettering the survival of its carrier. - Pioneered by William James and his disciples - Its function or adaptive value in life. - It influenced the development of behaviorism and applied psychology & also influenced the educational system. GESTALT: THE PICTURE AS A WHOLE BURRHUS F. SKINNER - Operant Conditioning, - Explains why human beings and animals where learning occurs through the consequences perceive the world as organized patterns. of behavior - One of the founders is Christian Von Experiment: Rat and food pellets Ehrenfels Reinforcements/Punishments are used to control - Acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in the consequences of behavior, leading to Behavior an apparently chaotic world. Modification - Gestalt suggests that we do not simply focus on every small component. Instead, our minds tend to perceive objects as part of a greater whole. - Heavily influenced by our motivation and expectations BEHAVIORISM: OBSERVABLE AND MEASURABLE BEHAVIORS - Acquiring knowledge through learning conditioning experiments. Classical Conditioning: Elicit – Involves JOHN B. WATSON - Believed psychology is the involuntary, automatic responses that are triggered study of observable behavior and environmental by stimulus. factors that control behavior. Example: Baby Albert (white rat and noise) Operant Conditioning: Emit – Involves voluntary behaviors (taught) that are influenced by rewards or punishments PSYCHOANALYTIC: UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATIONS - Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques by Sigmund Freud  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER - The core of psychoanalysis that all people STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, Id - Seeks pleasure and instant gratification. desires, and memories. Ego - Balances the id’s desires with reality - Individuals can experience catharsis and gain & also the executive function of personality. insight into their current state of mind by Superego - Follows rules and moral bringing unconscious content into conscious standards. awareness. Psychonanalysis also suggests that: Person's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives. Depression and anxiety are often rooted in conflicts between the conscious and unconscious mind. Personality development is heavily influenced by early childhood experiences (psychosexual stages). Use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in SIGMUND FREUD the unconscious. Believed individuals are driven by sexual DEFENSE MECHANISMS - are unconscious desires and childhood experiences. strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety or distress by distorting reality TWIN CORNERSTONES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS: SIGMUND FREUD also introduced the concept of in his Interpretation of Dreams which are the - Sex Drive (Libido/Eros) - Seeks pleasure. OEDIPUS COMPLEX & ELECTRA COMPLEX - Aggression Drive (Death/Thanatos) - Self-destruction or harming others. - Oedipus Complex: A boy's unconscious desire for his mother and rivalry with his father. ALFRED ADLER (Individual Psychology) - Electra Complex: A girl's unconscious desire - He said, "We are integrated individual people for her father and rivalry with her mother. striving for superiority while working harmoniously with others." FREUD’S ICEBERG THEORY - Known for his concepts of inferiority feeling and inferiority complex. TOPOGRAPHICAL MODEL OF THE MIND Conscious mind – Thoughts and feelings a. Inferiority Feeling: A normal, mild sense of that you are aware. inadequacy that motivates improvement. Preconscious mind – Information or b. Inferiority Complex: Complex that can cause thoughts that could be brought into people to overcompensate or avoid situations consciousness where they feel they might fail. Unconscious mind – Feelings, thoughts, - He also said that birth order and the number of and memories that are outside of our siblings affect a child's potential conscious awareness  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER CARL JUNG FR. ANGEL DE BLAS JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES - The collective - 1934, Received Ph.D. in Philosophy from UST. unconscious is a universal version of the personal - 1938, Established Experimental Psychology unconscious, holding mental patterns or memory Laboratory at UST. traces pass from the ancestors - Chairman, Led the department from the early 6 TYPES 1930s to 1954 (18 years) - Anima - The feminine aspect in men. DR. AGUSTIN S. ALONZO - Animus -The masculine aspect in women. - Persona - The social mask or role one presents - 1922 MA in Psychology, University of the to the world. Philippines (UP). - Shadow - The repressed, dark side aspects of - 1926 Established Department of Psychology at oneself. UP; graduated Ph.D. from the University of - Hero – More of main character, ideal aspect. A Chicago in Experimental Psychology. motif based on overcoming obstacles and - First head of Psychology Dep. in UP achieving certain goals - One of the chairpersons of the country’s 1st - Self: The integrated whole of the Department of Psychology (PAP) psyche/Archetype of all archetypes. DR. SINFOROSO PADILLA Psychoanalytic and Behavioral approaches are - 1st to Major in Psychology that still used. undergraduate to the doctoral level. Later Approaches: - 1924, A.B. in Psychology, Willamette - Humanistic/Existential - Free will University. - Cognitive - Concentrates on - 1926 M.A. from University of Oregon; Ph.D. thinking/processes. from University of Michigan. - Trait - Measures characteristics - Established psychological laboratory and clinic - Multicultural - Influence of contextual variables at UP. of human functioning. - 1963, PAP’s first president LEC 3: PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPINES AND DR. JESUS PERPIÑAN PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES - 1933 Ph.D. in Psychology, Iowa State Asian psychologists recognized that Western University. psychological concepts were often irrelevant in - Established FEU Psychological Clinic; Head Asian contexts. This realization led to the of Department of Psychology. development of an Asian psychology based on local experiences and needs, as well as a push for DR. ELIAS BUMATAY Filipino psychologists to establish their own identity. - Ph.D. in Educational Psychology, University of PIONEERS OF PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGY Texas. - Dean of College of Education, National UNIVERSITY OF STO. THOMAS & UNIVERSITY University. OF SAN CARLOS PIONEERS (1940-1960) - Taught Philosophical Psychology 1. JAIME BULATAO, S.J. - In UST, 1930 Established a psychology department; BS Psychology offered in 1948. - 1961Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology, Fordham University.  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER - Established the Department of Psychology Promote mental health awareness and at Ateneo de Manila University. reduce stigma. 2. ALFREDO LAGMAY Improve access to mental health care. - Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology, Harvard METHODS USED BY PSYCHOLOGISTS IN University. STUDYING BEHAVIOR - Chairman of UP Psychology Department for In 1897, Wilhelm Wundt used the experimental 22 years. method at Leipzig University, studying animals or 3. MARIANO OBIAS humans in a lab setting without their awareness. - 1955, Ph.D. in Comparative and Physiological Independent Variables: Factors Psychology, Stanford University. manipulated by the experimenter. - Later joined Caltex Philippines as head of Dependent Variables: Outcomes Personnel Department. measured in the experiment. 4. ESTEFANIA ALDABA-LIM Extraneous Variables: Uncontrolled factors st - 1 Filipina Psychology that might affect results. - 1st Treasurer of PAP 1. Participant Observation: Researchers join a - Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology, University of group to understand their behavior and norms Michigan. through direct experience. - Started the psychology program at PWU. Ex: I-witness & reporting notebook 5. VIRGILIO G. ENRIQUEZ The psychologist as much as possible should observe and never interfere with the behavior - Known as "Doc E," the Father of Filipino being studied. Psychology. “Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino” 2. Correlational Research: Examines - Founder of theory about “Kapwa” relationships between variables to identify - Founded the Psychological Association of the patterns or trends without manipulation. Philippines (PAP). 3. Surveys: Collect self-reported data from PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE participants on various topics, including PHILIPPINES (PAP) opinions and information. 4. Case Studies: Detailed analysis of individuals - Founded to advance learning, teaching, and or groups using methods like interviews and research in psychology. observation. - Advocated for regularizing the practice of psychology through Republic Act 100291 Examples: Ana O., Phineas Gage, Genie ("Philippine Psychology Act of 2009"). the Feral Child. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11036 - Known as the METHODS USED BY PSYCHOLOGIST IN "Philippine Mental Health Law" this law was PERSONALITY enacted on June 21, 2018. It aims to: FREE ASSOCIATION: A psychodynamic technique Establish a comprehensive mental health where patients express thoughts freely to uncover system in the Philippines. repressed memories. Immediate response with the first word that comes to mind. Integrate mental health services into the public health system.  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER METHOD OF AMPLIFICATION - Carl Jung’s - Nature (Hereditary) Transmission of traits and technique for interpreting dream symbols by characteristics from parents through genes, relating them to mythology and cultural texts. influencing physiological traits and diseases. - Nurture (Environment) All external conditions - Psychological Testing: Administered by that affect development clinical psychologists to assess behavior and personality through standardized PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT instruments. PRENATAL PERIOD INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS Germinal Stage (0 to 2 weeks): 1. Pakikipagkuwentuhan: Storytelling with Conception and implantation. participants as the primary speakers, facilitated by the researcher. Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 weeks): Formation of basic body structures. 2. Panunuluyan: Researcher stays with the participant’s family to conduct research, with Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth): Growth and consent from the family. development of bodily systems. 3. Pagdadalaw-dalaw: Researcher makes ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON PRENATAL occasional visits to the participant’s home DEVELOPMENT rather than staying there. 1. German Measles (Rubella) - Can cause 4. Pagtatanung-tanong: Questioning method deafness, cataracts, mental deficiency, or heart where questions are derived from disease in the baby. participants’ responses, avoiding leading 2. Infectious Diseases questions. - Syphilis, Malaria, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Mumps 5. Pakikiramdam: Using personal intuition to 3. Maternal Health Issues gauge participants' readiness for 4. Malnutrition: Impacts fetal development and involvement in the research. can lead to premature births. LEC 4: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 5. Anoxia (Lack of Oxygen): Affects development and can result in premature births. CONCEPTS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 6. Infectious Diseases: Affect overall fetal 1. GROWTH development and health. - Quantitative changes like age, height, and 7. Substance Exposure weight. Alcohol 2. DEVELOPMENT Smoking - Qualitative changes such as love, moral values, interpersonal skills, and emotional Drugs (e.g., Methadone maturity. 8. Radiation Exposure ARNOLD GESELL (NATURE VS NURTURE) X-rays and Other Forms of Radiation: May affect the child's mental development - The interaction between genetics (nature) and and overall health. environment (nurture) in shaping development. 9. Maternal Emotional States  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER Emotional stress or trauma in the mother 10-12 years to 18-22 years can influence the development and Puberty, identity formation, transition to well-being of the unborn child. adulthood. 10. Medications EARLY ADULTHOOD Thalidomide: An example of a drug Early twenties to thirties causing deformities, such as stunted limbs and deformed bodies, when taken by the Independence, career development, mother. intimate relationships. INFANCY MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Birth to 18-24 months Approximately 35 to 45 years, extending to the sixties High dependency, early psychological development, reflexes (grasping, rooting, Life satisfaction, role adjustment. sucking). OLD AGE EARLY CHILDHOOD Sixties to seventies until death End of infancy to 5-6 years Declining health, life review, retirement, new Play-centered learning, motor skill social roles. development. DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES “Pre-sschool years” MOTOR DEVELOPMENT - refers to the NEWBORN (NEONATES) REFLEXES development of child bones, muscles, ability to move around and manipulate the environment Grasping Reflex: If an object is placed in the infant’s palm, they’ll grasp it automatically. (all PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT reflexes are automatic response & they come froom nature, not nurture) Cephalo-Caudal: Downwards; head to toe Proximodistal: Outwards; arms and legs, Rooting Reflex: Light touch on the infant’s cheek then hands and feet causes them to turn toward the touch and attempt to nurse. Helps locate the breast or bottle. PROXIMODISTAL PRINCIPLE: Motor development progresses from the center of the Sucking Reflex: Touch an object or nipple to the body outward. For example, children gain control infant’s mouth and they’ll make rhythmic sucking over their torso before their limbs and can sit before movements. standing. Moro Reflex: Abrupt changes in position or loud CEPHALO-CAUDAL PRINCIPLE: Motor noises cause the baby to make a hugging motion. development progresses from head to foot. Response to sudden stimuli. Children gain control of the upper body before the lower body, enabling them to reach and grasp MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD before walking. 6-11 years SENSORY DEVELOPMENT AT BIRTH Development of academic skills, social and 1. Sight: Newborns see in black and white, cognitive growth. focus on objects 8-12 inches away. ADOLESCENCE  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER 2. Hearing: Developed in the womb; babies - Sigmund Freud’s Theory: Said that gender-role familiarize itself with your voice. identity is established through identification with the same-sex parent during the phallic stage. 3. Touch: Important for bonding; well-developed at birth. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 4. Smell: Strong sense of smell; can - Construction of thought processes, including recognize people by scent within a week. remembering, problem solving, decision-making through adolescence to 5. Taste: Preference for sweet flavors over adulthood bitter or sour. JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 18 months) 1. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - Coordination of sensory and motor Focus on developing social and responses; object permanence. emotional skills to childhood and - Immediate gratification adolescence. Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years) Healthy social development allows us to - Symbolic thinking, language development, form positive relationships. and understanding of conservation. - Egocentric 2. GENDER ROLE DEVELOPMENT - Law of Conservation; Understanding that - Gender Roles: Expectations about that something can stay quantity even appropriate activities for males and females. though it looks different. Young children often have clear ideas about example: the egg is still an egg even it these roles and may view cross-gender cracks. behavior as inappropriate. - Law of Reversibility; Child learns that some things that have been changed can - Social Learning Theory: Suggests children return to its original form. learn gender roles through rewards for example: water – ice - water gender-appropriate behavior and punishment Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years) for gender-inappropriate behavior, as well as by - Logical thinking about concrete objects, imitating others. mathematical operations. Cognitive Theory (Kohlberg): Children learn Formal Operational Stage (12 years and about gender in stages: onwards): Ability to handle hypothetical problems, scientific reasoning, and abstract Gender Identity: Recognizing oneself as thinking. male or female. - Can do overthinking already Gender Stability: Understanding that - Think like a scientist gender remains constant over time. LEV VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY Gender Consistency: Knowing that Children's cognitive development is shaped changes in appearance or behavior do not by social and cultural influences. alter one's gender. A child's thinking develops through - Jean Piaget’s Theory: Claims that preschool dialogues with capable persons. children develop gender identity by identifying themselves as male or female.  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER Zone of Proximal Development: Tasks a smoking, eating, kissing, child can't do alone but can accomplish with and oral sexual practices. guidance from more capable partners Anal anus Anal retentive: Scaffolding: Adjusting instruction so it is (2-3) (bowel Obsessively organized, or responsive to a beginners behavior and movement excessively neat s) Anal expulsive: reckless, support to a beginner's level to help them careless, defiant, understand a problem or develop a skill. disorganized, coprophiliac Phallic genitalia Oedipus Complex: Boys (4-5) develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. Electra Complex: Girls develop unconscious sexual desires for their father. Castration Anxiety: Fear of losing one's penis (for boys). Penis Envy: Girls feeling SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY inferior for not having a penis. - Freud's theory consists of five stages of human Latent latency Social Activities development, each centered around different (6-pube pleasure areas of the body. rty) Genital Sexual Frigidity, impotence, and - Conflicts occur at each stage, and if not resolved, (pubert interests unsatisfactory relationships a person may become fixated, remaining y and mature Genitalia – own genitals psychologically stuck at that stage as they grow up) Genitals – genitals of other people older. FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES - Each ERIK ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF stage is linked to an erogenous zone that provides DEVELOPMENT pleasure. He emphasizes the role of culture and society and Oral the conflict that can take place within the ego itself. Anal (Ego may develop successful if crisis is resolve) Phallic Latent Psychosocial development happens in the context Genital of relationships with others STAGE CHARACT CONFLICT ERISTICS (weaning) (erogenous zones) Oral mouth Oral Stage Fixation: (0-1) Leads to a passive, gullible, immature, manipulative, and dependent personality. Orally Receptive: Behaviors include chewing,  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER 1. Trust vs Mistrust - Infants learn to trust their Stage 2: Morality is based caregivers for their basic needs. If care is Reward on the direct inconsistent, they may develop mistrust. Orientation consequences of 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Toddlers actions (rewards). develop a sense of personal control his/her Level II: Stage 3: Internalizes moral behavior. If not encouraged, they may feel Conventional Good standards of shame and doubt. Morality Girl/Boy valued adults/role 3. Initiative vs. Guilt – Let them do mature task, Orientation models; behavior children begin asserting control and power aimed at pleasing through social interactions and play. Overly others. controlling parents can lead to feelings of guilt. Stage 4: Morality is based 4. Industry vs. Inferiority - Children strive for Authority on maintaining competence and achievement through learning Orientation social order and new skills. Failure to do so may lead to feelings following laws. of inferiority. Level III: Stage 5: Individual 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion – Most crucial Post-Convention Social judgment is based part /stage since adolescents explore their al Morality Contract on self-chosen sense of self and personal identity. Failure to Orientation principles; focus establish a clear identity can lead to role on rights and the confusion. greater good. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adults seek Stage 6: Moral reasoning is intimate relationships. Avoiding these can result Morality of based on abstract in feelings of isolation and loneliness. Individual reasoning using 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation - Adults look to Principles universal ethical contribute to society through work, family, and Orientation principles. community. Lack of involvement may lead to stagnation. 8. Integrity vs. Despair - In later life, individuals stages example reflect on their lives. A sense of fulfillment leads STAGE 1 A student cheats on a to integrity, while regret leads to despair. test to avoid failing and being punished by their LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S MORAL parents. The decision is DEVELOPMENT not based on whether cheating is right or wrong Kohlberg's theory explains how children develop but on avoiding the morality through six stages, based on their negative consequence of a bad grade and responses to moral dilemmas. The focus is on punishment. maintaining justice. STAGE 2 A teenager decides to help a classmate with Kohlberg's Moral Stages Description their homework because Development they expect the classmate will help them Stage 1: No personal code in return. (Personal Punishment of morality; Benefit) Level I: Orientation shaped by adult STAGE 3 A teenager drinks alcohol Pre-Conventional standards. Focus at a party because they Morality want to fit in and be on avoiding friends with others. They punishment. make this decision based on personal benefit,  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER believing that drinking will Fairness: Choosing to be open-minded and help them gain social to act in just and fair way. acceptance STAGE 4 A person obeys traffic Critical Values we need to do what is right.l laws, even when nobody is watching, because they LEC 5: GENETICS believe rules are necessary for safety. GENETICS STAGE 5 A class president is offered extra points by - Genetics is the study of genes the teacher in - Important in studying human behavior in mind. exchange for admitting - Genetic components can also modify the body's the class is cheating. response to environmental factors such as The president chooses toxins. to be honest and not take the offer, believing - Inherited traits, talents, behavior patterns from that fairness and parents. integrity are more important for the DEFINITION OF GENETICS class's long-term - A branch of biology: study of genes, genetic benefit, even though it variation. might not benefit them personally. - Genes is the genetic information of our parents STAGE 6 As a swimmer, you see transmitted to us. someone drowning. Even - Central pillars of biology & overlaps with though rescuing them agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. could be dangerous and might put your own life at - Mutation, living things’ fundamental units risk, you decide to save responsible for heredity. them because you - Basic unit of heredity. believe in the universal principle of valuing BEHAVIOR GENETICS / PSYCHOGENETICS human life and helping others in need. - Field of psychology that involves the study of biology. - Psychogenetics is the study of the influence of BUILDING MORAL INTELLIGENCE BY an organism's genetic composition on its MICHELLE BORBA: 7 VIRTUES behavior. Empathy: Identifying others' feelings. - Determines the extent to which our behavior and individual differences can be attributed to Conscience: Knowing the right & decent to genes. act. - Behavior geneticists contribute to Self-Control: Regulating thoughts and understanding the influence of heredity (nature) actions to resist external pressures. on personality traits, mental abilities, and psychological disorders. Respect: Valuing others. - These can be controlled (external), all of which Kindness: Concern about the welfare and are attributed to environment (nurture). feeling of others - Uniqueness is due to heredity & genetic components. Tolerance: Respecting the dignity & of all persons, even those beliefs and behaviors HERITABILITY we disagree. - extent to which the differences among people are attributable to genes.  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER - differences in the variability refers to difference of sequences of bases that encode instructions for genetic makeup of individuals in the population. how to make proteins - uses a range of 0-1. GENOME If heritability is close to 0: differences/variation - The entire set DNA instructions found in a cell. are due to the environment. - Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in a If close to 1: differences/variation are due to cell, which are located in the nucleus and genes (0.3-0.9) considered part of the genome. - The range is only used to identify if the GENES 101 differences is due to environment or due to Dominant Gene - Member of a gene pair that genes controls the appearance of a certain trait (e.g., it will be reflected in the offspring). Genes: Our Codes for Life Recessive Gene: Member of a gene pair that - Every living organism is made up of cells, and controls the appearance of a certain trait only if the cell is essential because it contains the paired with another recessive gene (a weaker nucleus. The nucleus is the control center of the gene that is not expressed or manifested in the cell, housing genetic material (DNA) that directs offspring). all the cell’s activities and functions. GENOTYPE - Chromosomes containing DNA - The set of genes you inherit, your unique (deoxyribonucleic acid) are situated in the blueprint. nucleus of the cell. NN = pointed nose Nucleus: The inner area of a cell that houses chromosomes and genes. SS = straight hair Chromosomes: Threadlike structures Nn = flat nose made largely of DNA, which contains Ss = curly hair genetic information. PHENOTYPE (OBSERVABLE Cell: The basic structural unit of a living CHARACTERISTICS/EXPRESSION OF thing, containing chromosomes. GENOTYPE) DNA - How those genes are expressed as a result of A spiraling, complex molecule containing environmental influences. genes. BB = black hair (dominant) Gene → DNA → Chromosome bb = brown hair (recessive) Genes POLYGENIC INHERITANCE (MULTIPLE - Gene contains genetic information. The GENE INHERITANCE) characteristics/traits from our parents. - The process by which several genes interact to - Segments of DNA containing the code for a produce a certain trait: responsible for our most particular protein that determines individual important traits. biological development, passed down from - More than two genotypes are expressed. parents. Examples: skin color, hair color, height, weight. - Genes is considered basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER TWIN BIOLOGY XX (from female) + XY (from male) determines the offspring's sex. Identical Twin (Monozygotic) - 1 egg cell and one sperm cell meet in phalopian tube - One genetic information Fraternal Twin (Dizygotic) - 2 egg cells, each fertilized by different sperm SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND GENETIC TRANSMISSION Chromosomes - Single DNA molecule containing thousands of CELL DIVISION genes. - 23 + 23 = zygote: Each parent contributes 23 Mitosis chromosomes, resulting in 46 chromosomes - Somatic Cells in the zygote. - Supports growth and repair, producing diploid Genes cells (46 chromosomes). - Create identical genes Segments of DNA arranged in a double helix structure, resembling a ladder. Meiosis Act as a blueprint for synthesizing protein - Germ Cells/Sex Cells molecules. - producing haploid sex cells (gametes with 23 chromosomes). Serve as the basic units of heredity. HERITABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE: HISTORY Chromosome Pairs - intellectual differences were due to genetic 1st-22nd pairs: Autosomes differences 23rd pair: Sex chromosomes (gonosomes), - suggested selective breeding to enhance which determine biological sex. intelligence HERITABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE: KINSHIP STUDIES Twin Methods - IQ pairs of people related to different degrees example:Identical Twins, Dizygotic twins, Siblings Adoptive Methods Sex Chromosomes - Correlations among pairs of people who share XX: Female an environment but not genes XY: Male example: Adopted chils and biological child  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER MUTATIONS/GENETICS/CHROMOSOMAL - Includes short stature, infertility, and other ABNORMALITIES physical and developmental issues. Mutations - Errors in the process of gene 7. Edward’s Syndrome replication; can be positive but usually negative - Trisomy 18: Presence of an extra 18th GENETICS DISORDERS chromosome. - Severe developmental and physical 1. Down Syndrome abnormalities, with a high rate of infant - Cognitive Function: Individuals with Down mortality. Syndrome often have varying degrees of - Infants with this syndrome do not survive long intellectual disability, typically characterized by after birth. developmental delays and learning difficulties. EPIGENETICS 2. Phenylketonuria (PKU-PAH) - The study of gene alteration that is not caused - PKU is a condition where the amino acid and by DNA changes phenylalanine are not present in the body, - Changes can be influenced by environmental leading to its accumulation. This can cause factors and can affect how genes are turned on intellectual disability and developmental issues or off, impacting an individual's traits and and problem in circulating oxygen health. 3. Sickle Cell Anemia LEC 6: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR - Hemoglobin: Affects the hemoglobin in red NEUROBIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY blood cells, causing them to become misshapen. - Need of the brain for what would be our - heart-shaped (sickle-shaped) red blood cells behavior due to abnormal hemoglobin. - How brain works and function nervous system - Cognitive and Circulatory Issues: Can lead to complications such as pain, organ damage, and NERVOUS SYSTEM cognitive effects due to reduced oxygen delivery and chronic pain. NEURON 4. Klinefelter Syndrome (for boys) - Basic structural uniT - 100 million neurons - Chromosomal Pattern: XXY. - Receive and send of the message - May include breast enlargement, taller than - Lessen the ability to understand if damaged average height, and potential issues with (most of the factors are alcohol and puyat) fertility. CELL BODY (SOMA) 5. XYY Syndrome / Jacobs Syndrome (for boys) - Receive the message - Centrally located and center of - Often associated with speech delays, hypotonia nourishment (muscle weakness), and other developmental issues. AXON 6. Turner’s Syndrome (for girls) - Conduct nerve impulses away from the soma - Chromosomal Pattern: 45 chromosomes with - Sender of the message only one X chromosome (XO).  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER DENDRITE SEROTONIN - Neural impulses - Happy hormone - Receiver - Mood, sleep, eating - Deficiency: Insomnia, eating disorders DENDRITE – SOMA – AXON GAMMA AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) NEURON FUNCTIONS - Anti-anxiety 1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent) - Makes motivated - Impulses DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM - Send message to the brain 2. Interneuron - Transfers impulses from sensory neurons to motor neuronS - Sending message to different parts of the brain 3. Motor (Efferent Neuron) - Sends impulses from the brain to muscles/glands. (brain to muscle & glands) GLIAL CELLS - Help (remove the dead neuron) Somatic Nervous System - Voluntary movements and protect (the myelin protects the axon of of skeletal muscles neuron) Autonomic Nervous System - Involuntary NEUROTRANSMITTERS movement (e.g., breathing, digestion) - Synaptic gap is the gap between neurons AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - peripheral - Action potential nervous system - Chemical substance - Transmit signal Sympathetic: Activates fight-or-flight, speed our life activity ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) Parasympathetic: Balance. Slows down life - Learning memory, and muscle contraction activity / Fight or flight - Alzheimer (Cognitive disease) - BY WORKING TOGETHER THIS TWO CAN NOREPINEPHRINE MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS - Stress hormone CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Responsible for flight-or-fight - Too little: Depression; Too much: Brain - Seat of consciousness, higher mental Hyperactivity processes, protected by skull. DOPAMINE Spinal Cord - Receives and sends sensory impulses, protected by vertebral bones - Responsible for large muscle movement - Reward perceive pleasure THE HINDBRAIN - Oversupply: Schizophrenia; Undersupply: Parkinson's disease. Hindbrain: Medulla, pons, cerebellum.  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER Medulla: Breathing, heart rate, reflexes. - Help us decide as a mature person Pons: Attention, sleep, arousal. - Hemisphere - wrinkled surface Cerebellum: Balance, motor coordination. - Corpus - bridge between hemispheres CEREBELLUM Cerebrum - seat of consciousness - Somatic motor act - endless thinking and reasoning - Maintains equilibrium of the body - Balance and posture THE MIDBRAIN - relays information between eyes and ears Reticular Formation: Stereotyped patterns like walking and sleeping Acts like the brain's alertness center, helping to filter incoming stimuli and deciding what needs attention. Brain Stem: Right Brain - control the left side of the body Left Brain - control the right side of the body Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Regulates involuntary functions such as FOUR LOBES OR REGIONS OF THE BRAIN breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Frontal Lobe: Planning, judgment, personality; Associated with our personality. THE FOREBRAIN - highest level of the human Temporal Lobe: Memory, language brain processing. Parietal Lobe: Spatial awareness, motor Limbic System: Emotions, memory control. (Hippocampus, Amygdala). Occipital Lobe: Visual processing. - Amygdala: Survival and aggressive behavior - Hippocampus: Turning our short term to a long THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - network of glands term memory that produce and release hormones directly into the bloodstream / secret hormones into the Thalamus bloodstream - Relay center for sensory info. - 1st part of the brain to receive a message - Regulates sleep and wakefulness Hypothalamus - Regulates emotions - Seat of emotions and stress center Cerebral Cortex: - Higher mental functions, divided into hemispheres.  INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST SEMESTER Thyroid Gland: Controls metabolism. Parathyroid: Manages calcium levels. Pineal Gland: Regulates sleep-wake cycle (melatonin). Pancreas: Blood-sugar regulation (insulin). Pituitary Gland: “Master gland,” regulates other glands. Gonads: Secretes sex hormones (estrogen, androgens). Adrenal Glands: Stress response (epinephrine).