(ITP) Lesson 2 Part 1 - Main Perspectives - Theories of Personality.pdf

New Pokémon Info! New Pokémon Info! New Pokémon Info! Psychology The scientiﬁc study of human behavior Houses Reveal! Your houses will depend on your result! Fire - Psychodynamic Psychodynamic 100 % Behavior is the result of the conflicts between conscious and unconscious motivations that exist within the mind since birth. The conflicts of these parts of the mind and behaviors that come after result from early childhood experiences. Main Personality is therefore both conscious and unconscious, controllable and uncontrollable. Emotions sometimes feel like they arise from an inner source that is not fully understood, suggesting there might be deeper, less visible factors inﬂuencing them. The Levels of Mind Conscious Accessible thoughts and feelings that one is aware of at any given moment Preconscious thoughts and emotions that are not currently in awareness but can be easily brought to consciousness Unconscious thoughts and emotions that are “hidden away” and can only be accessed with professional intervention; Evidence: Parapraxes and Dreams The unconscious (hidden emotions) has a profound effect on conscious behavior The unconscious (hidden emotions) has a profound effect on conscious behavior On Decisions: On Academic Difﬁculty: My decision was largely driven by forces I couldn’t Sometimes, if things aren’t going our way fully control or even understand at the academically, it may be helpful to take a step time—unconscious desires or past experiences back … Is my mind clouded by emotions I have not seemed to play a big role in guiding my choice. stopped to consider or process? Provinces of the Mind ID (“it”) solely seeks ways by which to satisfy its needs and urges- its desires ignore reality Ego (“I”) ﬁnds ways to properly satisfy the needs of the Id and Superego in accordance with the rules of the real world Superego (“Above I”) Has unrealistic expectations for the Ego to follow rules and adhere to set standards ID (“it”) -Governed by the "Pleasure Principle" -Primary Process: mental images -Instincts: eros and thanatos -Unconscious Ego (“I”) -Governed by the "Reality Principle" -Secondary Process: mental images reality check -Source of all action; conscious and unc. Superego (“Above I”) -Governed by the "Moral Principle" -Unconscious -Source of standards and conscience On Failure: ID (“it”) We all still have that “little child” in all of solely seeks ways by which to satisfy its us that we can be a little too harsh to. needs and urges- its desires ignore reality Before we can overcome failure, we must ﬁrst learn to be kind to that “little child” Ego (“I”) and support, rather than scold. ﬁnds ways to properly satisfy the needs of the Id and Superego in accordance with the rules of the real world On Creativity: Superego Creativity is often stiﬂed by our “inner critic” that is hard-stuck on rules and standards. (“Above I”) Telling that inner critic to relax sometimes will Has unrealistic expectations for the Ego allow our creative side to ﬂourish. to follow rules and adhere to set standards On Growth: To grow as a person, we must learn how to balance our different thoughts, feelings, and impulses. Sometimes, we need to be childlike and emotional, and other times we need to follow the standards and rules of the world we live in. Once we learn how to Provinces of the reconcile all of these things, Mind we can live a fuller life. Fire - Psychodynamic Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral Learning/ Cognitive Behavioral The current behavior of a person is the result of a history of rewards and punishments from their immediate environment. Inner states such as emotions, affect, motivations, etc. should be ignored in the study of the human mind. Main Learning/ Cognitive Behavioral The current behavior of a person is the result of a history of rewards and punishments from their immediate environment. Inner states such as emotions, affect, On Mistakes: motivations, etc. should be ignored in the study of the human mind. At the end of the day, a mistake is a mistake regardless of a person’s good intentions. While there may be some room for understanding, it is much more important to focus on what actually happened and the Main consequences. Free will is an illusion, and all behavior is learned by conditioning from the environment On Creativity: I think creativity is a matter of experience. The more we take in the world around us and open our minds to real-life experiences, the more our brain learns and eventually combines these experiences into novel and creative ideas. All behaviors are learned (and therefore personalities). There are 3 main ways that behaviors are learned: - Classical Conditioning - Operant Conditioning - Observational Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning A behavior reinforced will be performed again; a behavior punished will probably not be performed again On Love: Love is a matter of proximity and chance. Think about it: you wouldn’t love anyone that you haven’t met! We develop love and attraction to the people closest to us physically. If we enjoy their presence, we want to be around them more. This eventually develops into what we call “love”. Operant Conditioning A behavior reinforced will be performed again; a behavior punished will probably not be performed again Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Punishment a certain action performed in a certain action performed in response to an individual’s response to an individual’s behavior that will increase the behavior that will decrease the likelihood of that behavior being likelihood of that behavior being repeated repeated Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Punishment a certain action performed in a certain action performed in response to an individual’s response to an individual’s behavior that will increase the behavior that will decrease the likelihood of that behavior being likelihood of that behavior being repeated repeated On Decisions: On Mistakes: My decision was a result of weighing the pros and I am very particular about following rules, and so I cons and considering the likely outcomes. I focused on always try my best establish boundaries and make what had worked for me in the past and made a sure that they are followed. This can serve as a choice based on learning from those experiences. learning experience for that person. Observational Learning Observational Learning Humans are not like machines that thoughtlessly and automatically respond to an outside stimulus. On Failure: I think failure is a learning experience. Although failure can be difficult, I know that changing my view or beliefs on failure can make things better. … our brain has the powerful capacity to adapt and change to make sure we do better the next time. Observational Learning Humans are not like machines that thoughtlessly and automatically respond to an outside stimulus. “Modeling” learning through observing other people We are more likely to engage in an observed behavior when: - The model is attractive, respected, and/or competent - The observer is motivated, has the required skills, and finds the behavior valuable “Modeling” learning through On Growth: observing other To grow as a person, we must use our people most powerful human capacity to its full extent- our mind. When we surround ourselves with rich learning experiences We are more likely to engage in an and wise role models, we also learn how observed behavior when: to be the best that we can be. Like a - The model is attractive, sponge, we learn what it means to be great by surrounding ourselves with respected, and/or competent greatness. - The observer is motivated, has the required skills, and finds the behavior valuable Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral Grass - Humanistic Humanistic Behavior is solely motivated by one guiding principle: the “actualization tendency”. All human beings are naturally inclined to fulfill their potential and grow. Humans are innately good. If we are given adequate support from our environment, we will flourish; but if our environment serves to hinder our natural tendency towards growth, we will experience sickness. Main All human beings are naturally inclined to fulﬁll their potential and grow to be the best that they can be. Therefore, each person should be respected and supported. I am the kind of person who can lend an empathetic ear. I’m not the type to problem solve- instead, I understand that the best help I can provide for my friend at any given moment is just my presence and understanding. I am a good listener and empathizer- and I don’t often place judgment because I understand. Every person is on their own personal journey towards growth. Each person should therefore be respected and supported. On Failure: Every person is on their own I think failure is part of what makes me personal journey human. We all have our own unique and towards growth. personal journeys to go through in life, and part of that journey is sometimes experiencing Each person those moments when things don’t go should therefore according to plan. At the end of the day, be respected and humans are meant to grow at our own unique supported. paces. Humanists therefore support and respect: The Hierarchy of Needs The True Self Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The behavior of the self is determined by innate psychological needs. We are naturally inclined to satisfy our needs, because doing so leads to growth. The needs are arranged in a “pyramid”, which symbolizes that the needs at the bottom of this pyramid have to be satisﬁed before On Academic Difﬁculty: we can move on Before considering intelligence, motivation, and to the next studying, I think we should focus on how other need. aspects of my life are going. Am I staying healthy? Maintaining good social relationships? Striking a balance will deﬁnitely improve our studies. Self-Actualization Fulﬁllment of inner potential Esteem Achievement, competence, self-respect Love/Belonging having good relationships with friends, family, and signiﬁcant others. Safety Free from harm, danger, fear, anxiety, etc. Physiological Food, water, health, etc. Carl Rogers’ Self Theory Because of the complexity of the organism, each human being has a few “selves” that differ from each other. The Ideal Self Goals, aspirations, attributes, and desires. The Self-Image Parts of the true self that we are aware of (regardless of acceptance) The True Self Events and experiences around the person's being; psychological and physiological The Ideal Self Who the person wishes they were. The Self-Image Who the person thinks they are. The True Self Who the person really is. The Ideal Self The True Self The Self-Image Congruence Ideally, a healthy individual accepts who they really are and moves freely towards who they wish to be. On Love: On Decisions: Sometimes, however, we meet someone who genuinely My decision was about what felt most authentic to me and accepts us, and not the mask we put on. Love can aligned with my true self. I focused on staying true to my sometimes be about ﬁnding someone who accepts us as we own values and aspirations, believing that I have the truly are, regardless of physical looks and social freedom to shape my own life. expectations. The Ideal Self The Self-Image The True Self Incongruence an unhealthy individual rejects who they really are, and is dictated by an ideal self that is much too harsh and not something they personally chose. On Emotions: In life, I feel like we often try to hide our emotions, especially in public. To me, emotions are a reminder of who I really am, and we should try our best to not hide them. The Ideal Self The Self-Image The True Self Why does Incongruence occur? On Emotions: In life, I feel like we often try to hide our emotions, especially in public. To me, emotions are a reminder of who I really am, and we should try our best to not hide them. Conditions of Worth They had to work for the love they deserve. Denial of True Self they try to ignore their true selves, because they have learned that to express this true self will never lead to love and acceptance. Incongruence Even though they try to ignore their true self, the incongruence can cause anxiety, despair, and psychological unhealthiness because it is healthier to allow the true self to grow. Conditions of Worth On Growth: They had to work for the love they deserve. To grow as person, we must create a nurturing and supportive environment Denial of True around us. This includes a healthy support Self system that loves us for who we are. they try to ignore their true selves, Because of their acceptance, we learn how because they have learned that to to love ourselves, as well- and not the express this true self will never lead to “mask” we so often hide behind in order to love and acceptance. ﬁt into society. We must learn to love and accept who we really are. Incongruence Even though they try to ignore their true self, the incongruence can cause anxiety, despair, and psychological unhealthiness because it is healthier to allow the true self to grow. Grass - Humanistic Processing: In the next few slides, we will see "NCOFI". Do you have any personal experiences with any of the answers from our test? Fire - Psychodynamic Fire - Psychodynamic N On Love: From a young age, we develop the “ideal image” of a signiﬁcant other. From then on, humans were designed to look for this “perfect match”. Commonly, we search for someone who is like our parents: we grew up with them as the image of the male/female. Fire - Psychodynamic C On Emotions: Emotions sometimes feel like they arise from an inner source that is not fully understood, suggesting there might be deeper, less visible factors inﬂuencing them. Fire - Psychodynamic O On Academic Difﬁculty: Sometimes, if things aren’t going our way academically, it may be helpful to take a step back and re-evaluate ourselves. Is my mind clouded by emotions I have not stopped to consider or process? You must clear these things ﬁrst before academics can follow. Fire - Psychodynamic F On Making a Difﬁcult Decision: My decision was largely driven by forces I couldn’t fully control or even understand at the time—unconscious desires or past experiences seemed to play a big role in guiding my choice. Fire - Psychodynamic I On Research: The Coping Mechanisms of Filipinos and Social Media Addiction. You want to perform a large survey (maybe around 200 respondents) that would describe how Filipinos who use social media cope when they experience bullying online. You think that Filipinos are addicted to the internet because of a hidden feeling of inadequacy and coping with the troubles of life. Fire - Psychodynamic NCOFI - Nature vs Nurture - Conscious vs Unconscious - Observable vs Internal - Free Will vs Determinism - Individual vs Universal Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral N On Love: Love is a matter of proximity and chance. Think about it: you wouldn’t love anyone that you haven’t met! We develop love and attraction to the people closest to us physically. If we enjoy their presence, we want to be around them more. This eventually develops into what we call “love”. Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral N On Failure: I think failure is a learning experience. Although failure can be difﬁcult, I know that changing my view or beliefs on failure can make things better. When we try to do something and things don’t go according to plan, we should understand that our brain has the powerful capacity to adapt and change to make sure we do better the next time. Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral C On Emotions: Even though emotions can be a heavy experience, I think that emotions can be managed and we can instead focus on how we can act properly in a certain situation. Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral O On Academic Difﬁculty: Although other factors may be important, academic performance is greatly affected by our motivation. Thus, it is important that we reward ourselves for studying and making progress so that we can remain consistent and high-performing. Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral F On Decisions: My decision was a result of weighing the pros and cons and considering the likely outcomes. I focused on what had worked for me in the past and made a choice based on learning from those experiences. Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral I On Research: The Need for Reward Among Filipino Social Media Addicts. You want to perform an experiment (maybe around 60 subjects) that tests how rewarding social media is. You think that social media is addictive because it is rewarding: people who scroll are rewarded with content they like, and which creates an addictive and unending cycle of addiction. Water - Learning, Cognitive Behavioral NCOFI - Nature vs Nurture - Conscious vs Unconscious - Observable vs Internal - Free Will vs Determinism - Individual vs Universal Grass - Humanistic Grass - Humanistic N On Love: Humans learn to “put on a mask” in order to ﬁt into society. Sometimes, however, we meet someone who genuinely accepts us, and not the mask we put on. Love can sometimes be about ﬁnding someone who accepts us as we truly are, regardless of physical looks and social expectations. Grass - Humanistic C On Emotions: In life, I feel like we often try to hide our emotions, especially in public. To me, emotions are a reminder of who I really am, and we should try our best to not hide them. Grass - Humanistic O On Academic Difﬁculty: Before considering intelligence, motivation, and studying, I think we should focus on how other aspects of my life are going. Am I staying healthy? Maintaining good social relationships? Striking a balance will deﬁnitely improve our studies. Grass - Humanistic O On Emotions: In life, I feel like we often try to hide our emotions, especially in public. To me, emotions are a reminder of who I really am, and we should try our best to not hide them. Grass - Humanistic F On Decisions: My decision was about what felt most authentic to me and aligned with my true self. I focused on staying true to my own values and aspirations, believing that I have the freedom to shape my own life. Grass - Humanistic I On Research: The Lived Experiences of Filipino Social Media Addicts. You want to perform a few interviews (maybe around 5) to go in-depth into the experiences of Filipinos who frequently use the internet. You think that there are just too many factors to consider when trying to understand social media addiction, and it would be more helpful to interview only a few people to get a better picture. Grass - Humanistic NCOFI - Nature vs Nurture - Conscious vs Unconscious - Observable vs Internal - Free Will vs Determinism - Individual vs Universal Processing: Were there any striking test items/choices that you related to/resonate with? Why? Psychodynamic - Processing I think failure is a wake-up call. Sometimes, what we My decision was largely driven by forces I view as “failure” is just us being a little too harsh on Emotions sometimes feel like they arise from ourselves. When we experience failure, we should couldn’t fully control or even understand at an inner source that is not fully understood, stop and think: are our standards a little bit too the time—unconscious desires or past suggesting there might be deeper, less high? We all still have that “little child” in all of us experiences seemed to play a big role in that we can be a little too harsh to. Before we can visible factors inﬂuencing them. guiding my choice. overcome failure, we must ﬁrst learn to be kind to that “little child” and support, rather than scold. I think failure is a wake-up call. Sometimes, what we From a young age, we develop the “ideal Sometimes, if things aren’t going our way view as “failure” is just us being a little too harsh on image” of a signiﬁcant other. From then on, academically, it may be helpful to take a step ourselves. When we experience failure, we should humans were designed to look for this back and re-evaluate ourselves. Is my mind stop and think: are our standards a little bit too “perfect match”. Commonly, we search for clouded by emotions I have not stopped to high? We all still have that “little child” in all of us that we can be a little too harsh to. Before we can someone who is like our parents: we grew up consider or process? You must clear these overcome failure, we must ﬁrst learn to be kind to with them as the image of the male/female. things ﬁrst before academics can follow. that “little child” and support, rather than scold. I am the kind of person who believes that behind I am very particular about following rules, every stress, there lies an underlying issue that To grow as a person, we must learn how to balance people often have difﬁculty exploring. A person’s our different thoughts, feelings, and impulses. and so I always try my best establish stress could come from a number of hidden issues: Sometimes, we need to be childlike and emotional, boundaries and make sure that they are tension in the family, deeply rooted insecurity, and other times we need to follow the standards and followed. This can serve as a learning feelings of inadequacy, etc. I can help my friend rules of the world we live in. Once we learn how to experience for that person. gently let out these issues and process them reconcile all of these things, we can live a fuller life. properly. LCB - Processing I think failure is a learning experience. Although My decision was a result of weighing the pros failure can be difﬁcult, I know that changing my view Even though emotions can be a heavy and cons and considering the likely or beliefs on failure can make things better. When experience, I think that emotions can be outcomes. I focused on what had worked for we try to do something and things don’t go managed and we can instead focus on how me in the past and made a choice based on according to plan, we should understand that our we can act properly in a certain situation. brain has the powerful capacity to adapt and learning from those experiences. change to make sure we do better the next time. Love is a matter of proximity and chance. Although other factors may be important, I think creativity is a matter of experience. Think about it: you wouldn’t love anyone that academic performance is greatly affected by The more we take in the world around us and you haven’t met! We develop love and our motivation. Thus, it is important that we open our minds to real-life experiences, the attraction to the people closest to us reward ourselves for studying and making more our brain learns and eventually physically. If we enjoy their presence, we progress so that we can remain consistent combines these experiences into novel and want to be around them more. This and high-performing. creative ideas. eventually develops into what we call “love”. I am the kind of person who is good at At the end of the day, a mistake is a mistake To grow as a person, we must use our most powerful solving problems. For every problem there is human capacity to its full extent- our mind. When regardless of a person’s good intentions. a clear solution, and I am conﬁdent in my we surround ourselves with rich learning experiences While there may be some room for ability to help my friend tackle their concrete and wise role models, we also learn how to be the understanding, it is much more important to stressors, like problems in their environment, best that we can be. Like a sponge, we learn what it focus on what actually happened and the means to be great by surrounding ourselves with life situation, unhealthy relationships, consequences. greatness. work-life balance, etc. Humanistic - Processing My decision was about what felt most In life, I feel like we often try to hide our I think failure is part of what makes me human. We authentic to me and aligned with my emotions, especially in public. To me, all have our own unique and personal journeys to go true self. I focused on staying true to my through in life, and part of that journey is sometimes emotions are a reminder of who I really own values and aspirations, believing experiencing those moments when things don’t go am, and we should try our best to not according to plan. At the end of the day, humans are that I have the freedom to shape my hide them. meant to grow at our own unique paces. own life. Humans learn to “put on a mask” in order to I think we are all inherently creative. Before considering intelligence, motivation, ﬁt into society. Sometimes, however, we meet Therefore, I ﬁnd that creativity comes out and studying, I think we should focus on how someone who genuinely accepts us, and not best when I’m in a group of people that is other aspects of my life are going. Am I the mask we put on. Love can sometimes be supportive, non-judgmental, and positive. staying healthy? Maintaining good social about ﬁnding someone who accepts us as This feeling of support allows each and relationships? Striking a balance will we truly are, regardless of physical looks and everyone of us to let out that creative side deﬁnitely improve our studies. social expectations. that is always present yet hidden. Although difﬁcult, we should try our I am the kind of person who can lend an empathetic To grow as person, we must create a nurturing and best to be accepting of a person ear. I’m not the type to problem solve- instead, I supportive environment around us. This includes a understand that the best help I can provide for my healthy support system that loves us for who we are. despite their mistakes. I can be more friend at any given moment is just my presence and Because of their acceptance, we learn how to love understanding and accepting in this understanding. I am a good listener and ourselves, as well- and not the “mask” we so often situation if I consider their overall empathizer- and I don’t often place judgment hide behind in order to ﬁt in to society. We must because I understand. learn to love and accept who we really are. intentions. Activity: - Create a group of four to ﬁve (4-5) members- choose from your house only. - Within your group, assign the ff: - Facilitator t (1)- to guide the group's discussion - Writer (1) - to take notes about the discussion (someone else has to take notes while the writer is speaking) - Reporter (as many as needed) - to report the group's ﬁndings to the class Activity: - Each group is tasked with having an open discussion about the processing questions related to our topics for Lesson 2 (questions will be shown later). t - After the discussion, the group's reporter will present a summary of the discussion to the class. Activity: Guidelines for the discussion: - I recommend that for each question, have all members answer (either by volunteer or rotation) before moving on to the next question. - This discussion is safe space. Familiarize yourself t with your groupmates and be open, empathic, respectful, and nonjudgmental. - When it comes to personal experiences, nobody is forced to share. You may choose to pass if and only if the questions are causing you distress or anxiety. Activity: Guidelines for the reporting: - Create a summary of the discussion, not an answer the speaks for the group. Do not come up with an answer for the group. Rather, make sure to summarize and discuss all the relevant t information from your groupmates. - There is no need to disclose names when sharing personal experiences or information. If the group thinks it would help the reporting to share this information, ask for consent before doing so. - Each reporting has a maximum of 10 mins. Aim for 5-7 mins. Guide Questions: (For Participation Points, 3 in total): 1. Do you agree with the perspective you got from the "Perspective Test"? Why or why not? 2. What are some concepts of your perspective that you agree with? Why? 3. What are somet concepts of your perspective that you don't agree with? Why? (For Points in Quiz Next Meeting, 5 in total): 4. Name 5 personal experiences of your members that can be explained by/is related to a concept under your perspective. Explain why these are related. 5. How can your perspective help you live a better life? (Criteria: Understanding of Concept, Accuracy of Relation to Personal Experience) To Conclude… Why Pokemon? New Pokémon Info! Psychology The scientiﬁc study of … life!

(ITP) Lesson 2 Part 1 - Main Perspectives - Theories of Personality.pdf

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