Computer Network Technologies ITCTA1-44 Week 1 PDF

Computer Network Technologies ITCTA1-44 Week 1 Eduvos (Pty) Ltd (formerly Pearson Institute of Higher Education) is registered with the Department of H...

Computer Network Technologies ITCTA1-44 Week 1 Eduvos (Pty) Ltd (formerly Pearson Institute of Higher Education) is registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a private higher education institution under the Higher Education Act, 101, of 1997. Registration Certificate number: 2001/HE07/008 Module Guide Formative Assessments Module Guide Formative Assessments Module Guide Summative Assessments Class Groups and Class Representative Formative Assessments Select Class Rep Nominees Class Rep: Name and Group Form Groups of 4-5 students per group Presentations Discussions Week 0: Let’s Get Ready By the end of this week, you should be able to: Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Computer Network Features of a Computer Network A computer network is a collection Sharing: Enables sharing of files, of interconnected devices that software, hardware resources, and share resources and information. computing power. These devices can include Speed: High communication speed computers, servers, printers, and between network components, other hardware. comparable to centralized systems. Networks allow for the efficient Scalability: Networks can dynamically exchange of data, enabling various grow to accommodate future expansion. applications such as email, file Integration: All components work sharing, and internet browsing. together smoothly for a seamless user Computers on a network may be experience. linked through wired or wireless Security: Provides access rights and media. security for controlled resource and information sharing. Cost Effectiveness: Reduces hardware and software deployment costs Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Geographical Classification Networks are frequently classified according to the geographical boundaries spanned by the network itself. LAN - Local Area Network PAN - Personal Area Network MAN - Metropolitan Area Network WAN - Wide Area Network Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Local Area Network (LAN) A group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as school, single building, office etc. LANs are inexpensive to install and also provide higher speeds. Less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as Hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables. The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network. Provides higher security. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Personal Area Network (PAN) PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a short range. It allows your personal devices, like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearables, to communicate and share data with each other. Two types of PAN: Wireless Personal Area Network: is developed by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network. Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB. Example: if you connect your phone to your laptop using a USB cable to transfer data, you're creating a simple Wired PAN Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network. Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries. The cost of installation and operation is higher. MANs use high-speed connections such as fiber optics to achieve higher speeds. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Wide Area Network (WAN) Is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries. A WAN is quite bigger network than the LAN. Is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links. The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world. A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. How Does a Computer Network Work? Basic Components Functionality Nodes: Computer networks operate Devices for data communication based on rules or protocols (e.g., modem, router) or data that govern the sending and terminals (e.g., connected receiving of data. computers). Each device on the network has Links: a unique IP address, which Wires, cables, or wireless identifies it within the network. connections that facilitate communication between nodes. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. Computer Networks Today Essential for Human Interaction Impact on Communication Communication is vital for personal Networks have revolutionized how we: and professional interactions. Work: remote work, online Networks facilitate modern collaboration communication making geographic Learn: e-learning platforms and physical limitations less relevant Play: online gaming Real-time communication Communicate: social media, through various platforms like instant messaging video calls, instant messaging, They enable instant sharing of and social media information and resources Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. Computer Networks Today Global Connectivity Modern Application Networks help create a world where Email, social media, online gaming, and national borders and distances are less cloud services are all powered by significant. networks. Connectivity: IoT connects devices Businesses rely on networks for worldwide, Social media platforms operations, customer service, and data like LinkedIn connect professionals management. globally Businesses use networks for: Breaking Down Barriers: Networks Supply chain management enable businesses to operate on a Customer relationship management global scale (CRM) systems Global Collaboration: Google Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Workspace and MS 365 enable systems to streamline operations teams to work together in real-time Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. Computer Networks Today Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.2. Common networking terms Term Definition Refers to a single device (computer, server, or printer) connected to a network. On wireless networks, it Node may be called a station and is commonly used by end users. A node or device (such as a router) assigned a unique TCP/IP network address, enabling communication Host with other hosts on the network. Transmission The process of transmitting data signals or the progress of those data signals after being sent. Also known as unbounded or unguided transmission media, data is sent over the air using radio, Wireless Transmission microwave, or infrared signals between nodes. Also known as bounded or guided transmission media, data is sent through cables using light or Wired Transmission electrical signals between nodes. Transmission Media The communication pathways that carry data signals between devices. Internetwork Device Devices like switches or wireless access points that connect nodes to each other and the local network. A part of the network, or a single length of cable, technically defined as an electrical connection between Segment devices sharing a communication pathway. Data Communications The transfer of data using analog or digital signals. A fast link that connects network segments and shared devices (routers, switches, servers) on a LAN or Backbone between LANs, WANs, and the Internet. Link An active connection created over media between devices.  2.3 Activity Discuss how networks have affected: 1.The way we communicate 2.The way we work 3.The way we play  2.3 Activity 1. The Way We Communicate: Instant Messaging: Networks enable real-time communication Video Conferencing: Allow for face-to-face meetings regardless of physical location Social Media: Networks facilitate sharing and interaction on platforms, allowing people to connect globally and share experiences instantly. Access to Information: The internet has democratized access to information, enabling users to communicate ideas and news widely, fostering informed discussions. Aspect Example WhatsApp allows users to send messages and make voice/video Instant Messaging calls in real-time. Zoom has become essential for virtual meetings, enabling Video Conferencing businesses to maintain face-to-face interactions remotely. Twitter facilitates real-time sharing of news and ideas, connecting Social Media users globally. Access to Wikipedia allows instant access to a wealth of knowledge, Information enabling informed discussions across various topics.  2.3 Activity 2. The Way We Work: Remote Work: Networks support telecommuting, allowing employees to work from anywhere Collaboration Tools: Applications enable teams to collaborate seamlessly, improving productivity and project management. Cloud Computing: Networked cloud services allow for storage and access to data from any device Global Workforce: Networks enable businesses to hire talent from around the world Aspect Example Companies like Twitter and Shopify have adopted permanent remote work Remote Work policies, allowing employees to work from anywhere. Google Workspace enables teams to collaborate on documents in real- Collaboration Tools time, enhancing productivity. Dropbox and AWS provide cloud storage solutions, allowing employees to Cloud Computing access data from any device, anywhere. Companies like Upwork connect businesses with freelancers worldwide, Global Workforce diversifying talent pools.  2.3 Activity 3. The Way We Play: Online Gaming: Networks connect players globally, allowing for multiplayer experiences and competitive gaming, breaking geographical barriers Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix and Spotify leverage networks to deliver content on-demand, changing how we consume entertainment Social Gaming: Allow players to interact and collaborate, enhancing the gaming experience Community Building: Online forums and gaming communities enable players to connect, share strategies, and foster friendships beyond traditional gameplay Aspect Example Fortnite allows millions of players to compete and collaborate online, Online Gaming regardless of their location. Streaming Netflix provides on-demand access to a vast library of movies and Services shows, changing how we consume entertainment. Among Us encourages players to work together while fostering social Social Gaming interaction, enhancing the gaming experience. Community Reddit hosts numerous gaming communities where players share Building strategies and connect over shared interests. Week 1: Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks By the end of this week, you should be able to: Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks Network Structure: Data Encapsulation and Networks consist of devices (nodes) Decapsulation linked by transmission mediums that Network Protocol Functions: share protocols for data exchange. Addressing: Defines how and where data Development of OSI Model: should be delivered. Developed by the International Encapsulation: Wraps data for transmission with headers at each OSI layer. Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a reference to understand network Communication Process: components and processes. Each layer uses and provides services to The OSI Model: adjacent layers. Protocols at the same OSI layer on different The OSI model divides network nodes communicate with each other. communication into seven layers Data Flow: Each with a specific function Encapsulation: Data moves down the Enabling easier implementation and layers, with each layer adding headers troubleshooting of networks (Protocol Data Units). Decapsulation: Data moves up the layers at the receiving node, stripping headers. Questions Consider the following questions while you’re going through the OSI model 1. Why is the Application layer so critical to the user experience, and how do real-world applications like email clients or web browsers rely on it? 2. Data encryption happens at the Presentation layer. Why do you think encryption is important for services like online banking, and how might it affect network performance? 3. How does the Session layer facilitate communication between applications, and what challenges could arise if sessions were not managed effectively? 4. The Transport layer is responsible for ensuring data integrity. Why is this important, and what methods do you think are used to detect and recover from errors? 5. How does the Network layer contribute to efficient data routing, and what role do you think IP addresses play in this process? 6. The Data Link layer manages how data packets are framed and transferred. Why do you think this layer is critical for error-free communication, and what are some common protocols used here? 7. The Physical layer deals with the actual transmission of bits over a medium. How do you think advancements in technology (e.g., fiber optics) have impacted networking performance? Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model Application: Interacts directly with user applications like web browsers. Presentation: Formats data for the application, e.g., encryption. Session: Manages communication sessions between applications. Transport: Ensures reliable data transmission, using protocols like TCP/UDP. Network: Moves data between networks using logical IP addresses. Data Link: Packages bits into frames and manages MAC addresses. Physical: Transmits raw bit streams over cables or wireless. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model APPLICATION LAYER Acts as an interface Services/Protocols: between an application and FTP: Allows transferring end user protocols files between systems Focuses on delivering the HTTP/HTTPS: Facilitates data to the user in a usable form by facilitating data web browsing exchange through SMTP: Enables sending established communication emails. channels DNS: Resolves domain Example: names into IP addresses Email Services: When you send an email using Gmail or Outlook, the Application Layer is responsible for communicating with the email servers to deliver your message Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model PRESENTATION LAYER Transforms data between the Functions format required for the network and the format Data Encryption: Ensures required for the application secure transmission of sensitive data (e.g., HTTPS) Character Set Conversion: ASCII to Unicode Data Compression: Reduces the size of files for Data Compression: Reduces faster transmission the size of data for efficient transmission Data Conversion: Translates between Example: different data formats (e.g., Data Encryption converting images between JPEG and PNG formats) (SSL/HTTPS): When you're making an online purchase, the Presentation Layer encrypts your credit card information to ensure it's sent securely to the payment Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model SESSION LAYER Responsible for setting up, Functions managing, and then tearing Session Establishment: down sessions between Sets up connections network devices between devices Keeps track of which system Session Management: is communicating, and Manages the duration and coordinates dialogue flow of data during between systems communication Ensures that sessions can be Session Termination: restarted if interrupted Ends the session when Example: communication is finished Online Gaming: In Protocols: multiplayer online games, the NetBIOS: Used for Session Layer ensures that communication in local sessions between players area networks. remain stable and that data from one player reaches the PPTP (Point-to-Point Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model TRANSPORT LAYER Responsible for ensuring data Functions arrives at its destination error-free, in sequence, and Error Detection & without duplication Correction: Identifies lost or corrupted packets and Segments data and requests their reassembles correctly retransmission Example: Flow Control: Manages Downloading Large Files: the rate of data transmission to prevent When you download a large congestion file from the internet, the Transport Layer splits it into Segmentation: Divides smaller packets, sends them, large data streams into and ensures they are smaller packets reassembled correctly on your device. Protocols: TCP and UDP Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model NETWORK LAYER Responsible for moving Functions data around a network of networks Routing: Determines the Handles routing, most efficient path for data packets. switching, and addressing of packets Logical Addressing: Ensures that data gets Assigns IP addresses to devices for identification. delivered to the correct device by using logical Traffic Management: addresses Controls network congestion and packet Example: switching. Google Maps: When Protocols: using Google Maps, the Network Layer helps route IP and ICMP your location request from your phone to Google's servers and back to your Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection DATA LINK LAYER Model Manages the direct, node-to- Functions two Sub-Layers node communication between devices Framing: Encapsulates Logical Link Control (LLC) raw bits into structured Layer It packages raw bits from the frames. Error Control and Flow Control Physical Layer into structured frames Error Detection: Identifies Detect and correct corrupted transmission errors. data frames Provides framing and checks Limits amount of data sent so for errors to ensure reliable Acknowledgment: devices Confirms successful frame aren’t overwhelmed communication delivery. Media Access Control Example: (MAC) Layer Protocols: Ethernet Networks: In an Physical Addressing (MAC Ethernet and Point-to-Point office setting, when Addr.) computers are connected via Protocol (PPT) 48 Bit MAC Address burned on Ethernet cables, Data Link NIC. layer makes sure the data is Logical Topology & Media transferred between devices Access without errors. Ethernet, Token Ring, etc. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model PHYSICAL LAYER Responsible for the Functions transmission and receipt of the signals that represent Bit Transmission: bits of data from one node to Transmits raw bitstreams another node across physical media. Different types of Signal Modulation: transmission media can be Modifies electrical or classified as cabled or optical signals for wireless transmission. Physical Connections: Example: Defines the hardware Ethernet Cables: When interface, including cable plugging an Ethernet cable types and connectors. into your computer, the Physical Layer ensures that Devices: electrical signals are properly Transceiver, Repeater, Hub, transmitted over the cable to Media converter, Modem the router Practical Activity After completing the practical activity explain and discuss the following: 1.What role does each device play at different OSI layers? 2.How does the ping packet travel through the layers? 3.How does data encapsulation/decapsulation work across the OSI layers? Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks What is SOHO Network? Benefits Key Components A network for connecting Increased productivity: Easy Router/Switch: Connects all multiple devices in a small sharing of resources (e.g., devices. office or home environment. printers, files). Modem: Provides internet Uses a central router to link Cost-effective: Lower cost to connectivity. computers, printers, mobile set up and maintain Ethernet cables: Connect devices, etc. compared to larger corporate networks. wired devices. Provides corporate-like Easy management: Simple for Wireless Access Point: networking on a smaller scale, perfect for small administrators to monitor, Allows wireless device businesses or home offices. troubleshoot, and manage connection. devices. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks SOHO Routers and Network Wide Area Network (WAN): Classifications WANs: Local Area Network (LAN): Networks spread across different A network within a single location geographic regions Can range from small residential Interconnected using shared links for setups (a couple of computers) to example the Internet large enterprise networks (hundreds of servers, thousands of workstations) SOHO Router: Powers SOHO networks by forwarding Small Office/Home Office (SOHO): traffic between the LAN and WAN A category of LAN with a few hosts Provides multiple functions beyond Typically uses one integrated device routing, which can be analyzed using (SOHO Router) for both local and the OSI model internet connectivity Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks SOHO Router Functionalities Wireless vs. Wired SOHO Acts as a gateway between Enables file sharing, printing, Routers your network and the web browsing, gaming, and Wired: Fast, reliable Ethernet internet. streaming. connections for nearby devices. Manages data flow between Includes wireless access Wireless: Ideal for larger devices and the internet, points for wireless spaces with multiple devices; and between devices on the connections. uses wireless signals for network. Provides features like port connection. Allows multiple devices to forwarding, dynamic DNS, Securing a SOHO Network connect to the internet VPN support, and QoS for simultaneously using unique optimized performance. Built-in firewall protects against IP addresses. cyber threats. Configurable settings to customize security levels. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks Physical Layer Functions RJ-45 Ports (LAN Ports): 4 ports available for wired connections to the local network. Allows devices like PCs, printers, and IP phones to connect via Ethernet cables. Labeled as "LAN" ports on the router. Radio Antennas (Wireless Connectivity): Transmit and receive wireless signals for Wi-Fi-enabled devices. Enables wireless connectivity for laptops, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Provides flexibility for wireless device placement. Modem (WAN Port): Connects to the ISP’s network. Typically labeled as the "WAN" port on the router. Can be an RJ-45 port for fiber or Ethernet connections, or an RJ-11 port for DSL services. Facilitates connection to the internet, linking the SOHO network to external resources. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks Data Link Layer Functions Ethernet Switch (RJ-45 Ports): Internal Ethernet switch connects all RJ-45 jacks. Allows wired devices (PCs, printers, IP phones) to communicate within the local network. Ensures data is directed to the correct device within the network through MAC addresses. Wireless Access Point (Wi-Fi Antennas): Implements the Wi-Fi standard for wireless connectivity. Acts as a wireless hub, allowing devices like PCs, smartphones, tablets, and printers to connect to the network wirelessly. Forms a bridge between wired and wireless devices by connecting to the internal Ethernet switch via an internal port. Integrates both wired and wireless devices into a single logical local network. MAC Address (Host Identification): Each device connected to the network is identified by a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address. MAC addresses are used by the Ethernet switch and the wireless Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks SOHO Network: Connects internal devices to the external internet. Manages traffic between the Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). SOHO Router: Central device for managing traffic between the LAN and WAN. Connects to both the switch (for wired devices) and the wireless access point (for wireless devices). SOHO Switch: Extends the wired network to devices such as PCs, printers, and IP phones. Forwards data between connected devices within the local network. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks Wired Devices: Includes printers, PCs, and IP phones connected via Ethernet cables. Wired connections offer faster, stable communication for stationary devices. Wireless Access Point (WAP): Allows wireless devices (laptops, smartphones) to connect to the network. Extends network access without physical cables. Wireless Devices: Devices like laptops, PCs, and smartphones connect through the WAP. Provides flexibility for mobile or portable device connectivity.  Activity 1. At which OSI layer is the concept of a port number introduced? 2. At which layer of the OSI model is no header encapsulation applied? 3. What component performs signal amplification to extend the maximum allowable distance for a media type? 4. Which OSI layer packages bits of data from the Physical layer into frames? 5. True or False? The Session layer is responsible for passing data to the Network layer at the lower bound and the Presentation layer at the upper bound.  Activity Answer and discuss as a class the following questions 1. What are the main components of a SOHO network, and how do they interact with each other? 2. How does the SOHO router use the OSI model to perform its functions? 3. What is the difference between a SOHO router and an enterprise-grade router? 4. What role does a SOHO router play in securing a small office/home office network? 5. What are the challenges in managing a SOHO network as the number of connected devices increases?  Activity Practical Activity: Setting Up a SOHO Network for a Small Office (7 Workstations and 1 Shared Printer) Scenario: You are tasked with setting up a network for a small office with seven workstations that need to connect to a single shared printer. The office has a router and a switch, and the goal is to enable all devices to connect to the internet and communicate with the printer. Requirements: Hardware: 1 Router (with WAN and LAN ports) 3 Switch (with at least 10 ports) 6 Workstations (PCs or laptops) 1 Network Printer (preferably with Wi-Fi capability) Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Network Data Transmission Ethernet Standards Networks use electromagnetic Define the performance of network radiation for signaling, which involves cabling to meet bandwidth electric current, infrared light, or radio requirements. waves. Ensure bit rate is maintained over The signals are carried by carrier specific media types, considering waves with specific bandwidths distance limitations. (ranges of frequencies). Modulation and encoding schemes are Media Access Control (MAC) & Collision used to transmit data over the carrier Domains wave. MAC ensures nodes communicate Example: without interference on shared media. Transition between low and high voltage states in an electrical circuit to Deals with issues like collisions, where encode data, utilizing amplitude as a two devices attempt to communicate characteristic of the wave. at the same time. Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Copper Cable Transmits electrical signals via low voltage circuits. Two main types: Twisted Pair and Coaxial (Coax). High attenuation causes signal loss over long distances. Twisted pair cables are rated by Cat standards. Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Fiber Optic Cable Transmits infrared light signals. Immune to interference and less affected by attenuation. Supports higher bandwidth over longer distances than copper. Two types: Single Mode (SMF) and Multi-Mode (MMF). MMF categorized by Optical Mode (OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4). Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Illustration of the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) media access control method used in Ethernet networks. Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet Standard Gigabit Ethernet Standards Uses CSMA/CD protocol like 10BASE-T Builds on Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Higher frequency signaling and improved standards encoding Bit rate: 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) Bit rate: 100 Mbps 1000BASE-T over Cat 5e (or better) Operates over Cat 5 (or better) twisted copper cable pair copper cable Only supports switches, not hubs Maximum link length: 100 meters (328 feet)  Activity Refer to Activity on Page 24 1. With CSMA/CD, what will happen if a host has data to transmit and there is already data on the cable? 2. Which Ethernet standard works at 100 Mbps over Cat 5 or better copper cable? 3. Which copper Ethernet standard meets the bandwidth requirements for clients in an office network while minimizing costs? 4. A network designer wants to run a 10-gigabit backbone between two switches in buildings that are 75 m (246 feet) apart. What is the main consideration when selecting an appropriate copper cable?