ITCL REVIEWER (1).docx

**ITCL REVIEWER** Lesson 1 **COMPUTING DEVICES** - **DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES** - **DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES (Categories of personal computers)** - - - - - - - - **OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES** - - - - - Les...

**ITCL REVIEWER** Lesson 1 **COMPUTING DEVICES** - **DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES** - **DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES (Categories of personal computers)** - - - - - - - - **OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTING DEVICES** - - - - - Lesson 2 **COMPUTER COMPONENTS** - **PARTS OF THE INTERNAL COMPUTER** - **Common problems of motherboard** - - - - - - **Tips to prevent motherboard issues** - - - - - - - **AMD & INTEL PROCESSORS** - AMD CPUs are a better value for money, while Intel CPUs offer better performance for gaming at high resolutions. However, there are many other factors to consider when choosing a CPU, such as your budget, the type of work you will be doing, and the other components in your computer. - - - - - **Common problems of PSU** - - - - - - **Tips to prevent problems of PSU** - - - - - - - **TYPES OF RAM** - - - - **RAM problem symptoms** - - - - - - **HDD vs SSD** - - - - - - **Common problems of SSD/HDD** - - - - - - **Symptoms of bad SSD/HDD** - - - - **Tips to prevent bad SSD/HDD** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lesson 3 **PORTS** A port is a hardware interface that you can use to connect devices to a computer. The port transfers electronic signals between the device and the system unit. The port is either an electrically wired socket or plug, or it can be a wireless transmission device. Ports can vary by: shape; color according to coding standards; the number and layout of the pins or connectors contained within the port ; the signals the port carries; and the port's location. Ports exist for both internal and external devices. A computer port is also called a "Communication Port" as it is responsible for communication between the computer and its peripheral device. **COMPUTER CONNECTOR TYPES** - - - - - - **Power Supply Port Connectors** - - - - - - - - USB 3.0, also called SuperSpeed USB, is the latest USB standard released in November 2008. It features a maximum transfer rate of 5.0 Gbps. It is 10 times faster than the USB 2.0 standard, has enhanced power efficiency, and is backward compatible with USB-enabled devices currently in use. USB cables have a maximum distance before performance suffers. To work around this, one or more hubs can be used to create a chain to reach the necessary cable length. USB 1.1 has a maximum cable length of 3 meters, while USB 2.0's maximum length is 5 meters. In each case, a maximum of five hubs can be used to extend the cable length. The maximum cable length is not specified in the USB 3.0 specification. **COMMON TYPES OF USB CONNECTOR** - - - - - - - - - **THREE MAIN TYPES OF AUDIO CONNECTOR** - - - **3-pin XLR connector** - Three-pin XLR connectors are by far the most common style, and are an industry standard for balanced audio signals. The great majority of professional microphones use the XLR connector. In previous years, they were used for loudspeaker connections, for instance by Trace Elliot in its bass enclosures.  **VGA connector** - Video graphics Array. It is a standard analog video interface that was introduced in 1987 by IBM. VGA is still widely used today, but it is gradually being replaced by digital interfaces such as HDMI and DisplayPort. VGA connectors are trapezoidal in shape and have 15 pins. The pins are arranged in three rows of five pins. The first row of pins is used for the horizontal sync signal, the second row of pins is used for the vertical sync signal, and the third row of pins is used for the video data. VGA can support resolutions up to 1920x1200 pixels. It is a relatively simple and inexpensive interface, which is why it is still widely used today. However, it is not as versatile as digital interfaces and it does not support high resolutions or refresh rates. **DVI connector** - Display Visual Interface. It is a standard digital video interface that was introduced in 1999. DVI is still widely used today, but it is gradually being replaced by newer standards such as HDMI and DisplayPort. DVI connectors are rectangular in shape and have 24 pins. The pins are arranged in four rows of six pins. The first row of pins is used for the horizontal sync signal, the second row of pins is used for the vertical sync signal, the third row of pins is used for the video data, and the fourth row of pins is used for the auxiliary data. DVI can support resolutions up to 2560x1600 pixels. It is a versatile interface that can be used with a variety of devices, including computers, monitors, projectors, and TVs.  - **Mini DVI connector** - Mini-DVI port is developed by Apple as an alternative to Mini-VGA port and is physically similar to one. It is smaller than a regular DVI port. It is a 32 pin port and is capable of transmitting DVI, composite, S-Video and VGA signals with respective adapters. **Micro DVI connector** - Micro-DVI is a proprietary video output port introduced by Apple in 2008 on the original MacBook Air. It is a smaller version of the standard DVI connector and has 17 pins. Micro-DVI can support resolutions up to 1920x1200 pixels. Micro-DVI connectors are not widely used and are being phased out by Apple in favor of the newer Thunderbolt standard. If you have a device with a Micro-DVI port, you can use an adapter to connect it to a standard DVI monitor or TV.  **DisplayPort Connector** - Display Port is a digital display interface with optional multiple channel audio and other forms of data. Display Port is developed with an aim of replacing VGA and DVI ports as the main interface between a computer and monitor. The latest version DisplayPort 1.3 can handle a resolution up to 7680 X 4320. The Display Port has a 20 pin connector, which is a very less number when compared to DVI port and offers better resolution. **Mini display port** - Mini DisplayPort (mDP) is a miniaturized version of the DisplayPort standard. It was introduced in 2008 and is used on a variety of devices, including laptops, external monitors, and projectors. Mini DisplayPort connectors are rectangular in shape and have 12 pins. The pins are arranged in two rows of six pins. The first row of pins is used for the data, the second row of pins is used for the clock, and the third row of pins is used for the ground. Mini DisplayPort can support resolutions up to 4096x2160 pixels and refresh rates up to 60Hz. It can also support audio, including surround sound.  **Component Video Connector** - Component Video is an interface where the video signals are split into more than two channels and the quality of the video signal is better that Composite video. Like composite video, component video transmits only video signals and two separate connectors must be used for stereo audio. Component video port can transmit both analogue and digital video signals. The ports of the commonly found Component video uses 3 connectors and are color coded as Green, Blue and Red. **S-video connector** - S-Video or Separate Video connector is used for transmitting only video signals. The picture quality is better than that of Composite video but has a lesser resolution than Component video. The S-Video port is generally black in color and is present on all TVs and most computers. S-Video port looks like a PS/2 port but consists of only 4 pins. Out of the 4 pins, one pin is used to carry the intensity signals (black and white) and other pin is used to carry color signals. Both these pins have their respective ground pins. **HDMI** - High-definition multimedia interface. It is a standard digital video and audio interface that was introduced in 2002. HDMI is the most popular video interface in use today and is supported by a wide variety of devices, including computers, televisions, Blu-ray players, and game consoles. HDMI connectors are rectangular in shape and have 19 pins. The pins are arranged in three rows of six pins. The first row of pins is used for the data, the second row of pins is used for the clock, and the third row of pins is used for the ground. HDMI can support resolutions up to 8K (7680x4320 pixels) and refresh rates up to 120Hz. It can also support audio, including surround sound. Lesson 4 **PERIPHERAL DEVICES** - device that is connected to a computer or other digital device but does not contribute to the computer\'s primary function, such as computing. Peripheral devices are used to input, output, or store data. **INPUT DEVICES** - - - - - - - - - - - - - MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES - use physical movements to input data into the computer. Examples of mechanical input devices include keyboards, mice, and touchpads. OPTICAL INPUT DEVICES - Optical input devices use light to input data into the computer. Examples optical input devices include scanners and webcams. ELECTRICAL INPUT DEVICES - Electrical input devices use electrical signals to input data into the computer. **OUTPUT DEVICES** - - - - - - - - INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES - - - - Lesson 5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Operating software,** also known as an operating system (OS), is a software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. **The operating system** acts as an intermediary between the computer user and the computer hardware. It provides a platform for application software to run on, and it manages the computer\'s hardware resources, such as the CPU, memory, and disk storage. The operating system also provides a number of essential services to application software, such as file management, memory management, and process management. Some of the most popular operating systems include: Microsoft Windows macOS Linux Android iOS A **web browser** is a software application that allows users to access the World Wide Web. It is used to view web pages, which are documents written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Web browsers also allow users to interact with web pages by clicking on links, filling out forms, and playing videos. Web browsers are essential for accessing the internet and using its many resources. They are also used for a variety of other tasks, such as browsing social media, shopping online, and watching streaming video. Some of the most popular web browsers include: Google Chrome Microsoft Edge Mozilla Firefox Apple Safari Opera A **search engine** is a software program that helps users find information on the World Wide Web. It works by crawling the web, which means that it visits and indexes every web page that it finds. The search engine then uses this index to match user queries with the most relevant web pages. **Google, Bing, Yahoo, Baidu and Yandex.**