ITC - FINALS PDF

Page 1 of 1 ITC - FINALS 1.0 SOFTWARE 1.1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE 1.2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE 2.0 INFORMATION SYSTEM & DATABASE 2.1 INFORMATION SYSTEM 2.2 DATABASE 3.0 NETWORK & INTERNET :  3.1 COMPUTER NETWORKS & INTERNET 3.2 THE WEB...

Page 1 of 1 ITC - FINALS 1.0 SOFTWARE 1.1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE 1.2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE 2.0 INFORMATION SYSTEM & DATABASE 2.1 INFORMATION SYSTEM 2.2 DATABASE 3.0 NETWORK & INTERNET :  3.1 COMPUTER NETWORKS & INTERNET 3.2 THE WEB 1.0 SOFTWARE Collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instruction for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. An interface between user and computer. It is a set of instructions, programs that are used to give commands to hardware. Responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the hardware components of a computer system and for accomplishing specific tasks. SYSTEM SOFTWARE 1.1 These are directly responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system Consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices Operating Systems Utility Programs Operating Systems — :  (OS) Set of programs containing instructions that work together to coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources Ex: Start and shut down a computer Coordinate tasks Provide utilities Provide a user interface Configure devices Automatically update Manage programs Establish an internet connection Control a network Manage memory Monitor performance Administer security SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES operating system can run from an optical disc and/or flash memory mobile media, in most cases, the operating system is installed and resides on the computer’s hard disk. On handheld computers and many mobile devices such as smart phones, the operating system may reside on a ROM chip. Different sizes of computers typically use different operating systems because operating systems generally are written to run on a specific type of computer. When purchasing application software, you must ensure that it works with the :  operating system installed on your computer or mobile device. The operating system that a computer uses sometimes is called the platform. With purchased application software, the package or specifications identify the required platform (operating system). A cross-platform program is one that runs the same on multiple operating systems. Operating Systems Functions BOOTING: process of starting or restarting a computer Cold Boot: Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely Warm Boot: Using an operating system to restart a computer A boot drive is the drive from which your computer starts You can boot from a boot disk A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the computer Always remember to save your work before rebooting a computer SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES :  SHUT DOWN options Sleep mode: saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state Hibernate: saves any open document and programs to a hard disk before removing power from the computer USER INTERFACE: controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen with a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images Command-line interface: a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Some people consider command-line interfaces difficult to use because they require exact spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Minor errors, such as a missing period, generate an error message. Command-line interfaces give a user more control to manage detailed settings. When working with a command line interface, the set of commands entered into the computer is called the command language. HANDLE PROGRAMS directly affects your productivity Single user allows only one user to run one program at a time :  Multiuser enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously. Networks, servers, mainframes, and super computers allow hundreds to thousands of users to connect at the same time Single tasking and multitasking allows a single user to work on two or more programs that reside in memory at the same time. Foreground and background Pre-emptive multitasking a program that is executing and passes control to another program waiting to be executed. An advantage - the operating system regains control if one program stops operating properly. Multiprocessing supports two or more processors running programs at the same time. involves the coordinated processing of programs by more than one processor. increases a computer’s processing speed. MEMORY MANAGEMENT optimizes the use of RAM VIRTUAL MEMORY is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM TASK SCHEDULING: operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed Driver: small pam that tells the operating system how to communicate with :  a specific device Plug and Play: automatically configures new devices as you install them Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet Connections SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Tasks include receiving data from an input device, processing instructions, sending information to an output device, and transferring items from storage to memory and from memory to storage. While waiting for devices to become idle, the operating system places items in buffers. A buffer is a segment of memory or storage in which items are placed while waiting to be transferred from an input device or to an output device. The operating system commonly uses buffers with printed documents. This process, called spooling, sends documents to be printed to a buffer instead of sending them immediately to the printer. Multiple documents line up in a queue in the buffer. A program, called a print spooler, intercepts documents to be printed from the operating system and places them in the queue. PERFORMANCE MONITOR: program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices OS provide users with the capability of: Managing files Uninstalling programs Searching for files Cleaning up disks :  Backing up files and disks Viewing images Defragmenting disks Setting up screen savers Securing a computer Diagnosing problems AUTOMATIC UPDATE: automatically provides updates to the program, especially the operating system NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR: uses the server operating system to: Add and remove users, computers, and other devices Install software and administer network security Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM: organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a network Each user has a user account: User name / user ID: identifies a specific user Password: private combination of characters associated with the user name TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS :  STAND-ALONE: complete OS that works on a desktop computer, notebook computer, or mobile computing device Windows 7 Mac OS X UNIX: multitasking OS developed in the early 1970’s Linux: open-source, popular, multitasking UNIX-type operating system SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES called client operating systems because they also work in conjunction with a server operating system. can operate with or without a network. include networking capabilities, allowing the home and small business user to set up a small network. WINDOWS 10: Microsoft’s fastest, most efficient OS to date and is available in multiple editions (12), most common: Windows 10 Pro :  Windows 10 Home Windows 10 eduction Windows 10 Enterprise Provides programs: Windows defender Groove music Microsoft store Movies and TV Additional features: Return of the familiar start menu New web browser, microsoft edge Cortana, personal virtual assistant Multiple desktop and task view Action center, accessible notification and settings Tablet mode MACINTOSH OS: set the standard for OS ease of use latest is Mac OS Mojave SERVER: Windows Server 2019 UNIX Linux Solaris NetWare EMBEDDED: resides on a ROM chip to a mobile device or consumer :  electronic device UTILITY PROGRAM: type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance-type tasks File manager: utility that performs functions related to file management Displaying a list of files Organizing files in folders Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files, and folders Creating shortcuts Search utility: program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you specify Image viewer: allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphic file Uninstaller: removes a program, and associated entries in the system files Disk cleanup: searches for and removes unnecessary files Downloaded program files Temporary internet files Deleted files Unused program files Disk defragmenter: reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that the OS accesses data more quickly and programs run faster Backup utility: allows user to copy files to another storage medium Restore utility: reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form Personal firewall: detects and protects a personal computer from :  unauthorized intrusions Screen saver: causes a display device’s screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no activity occurs for a specified time Virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer negatively WORM: copies itself TROJAN HORSE: hides ANTIVIRUS PROGRAM: repeatedly in memory or within or looks like a protects a computer over a network legitimate program against viruses SPYWARE: program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user Spyware remover: detects and deletes spyware and other similar programs ADWARE: displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window Adware remover: program that detects and deletes adware FILTERS: programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed Web filtering software Phishing filters Anti-spam programs :  Pop-up blockers SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Web filtering software is a program that restricts access to certain material on the Web. Many businesses use Web filtering software to limit employee’s Web access. Some schools, libraries, and parents use this software to restrict access to minors Spam is an unsolicited e-mail message or newsgroup posting sent to many recipients or newsgroups at once. Internet junk mail. The content of spam ranges from selling a product or service, to promoting a business opportunity, to advertising offensive material. An anti-spam program is a filtering program that attempts to remove spam before it reaches your inbox Phishing is a scam in which a perpetrator attempts to obtain your personal and/or financial information. A phishing filter is a program that warns or blocks you from potentially fraudulent or suspicious Web sites. A pop-up ad is an Internet advertisement that suddenly appears in a new window in the foreground of a Web page displayed in your browser. A pop-up blocker is a filtering program that stops pop-up ads from displaying on Web pages. FILE COMPRESSION UTILITY: shrinks the size of a file(s) :  Compressing files frees up room on the storage media 2 TYPES: Lossy Lossless Called ZIPPED FILES Can be uncompressed (unzipped) MEDIA PLAYER: allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files DISC BURNING SOFTWARE: writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc PERSONAL COMPUTER MAINTENANCE UTILITY: identifies and fixes OS problems, detects and repairs disk problems, and includes the capability of improving a computer’s performance APPLICATION SOFTWARE 1.2 Computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple tasks. These programs do the real work for users Also called “END USER PROGRAMS” AS Consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or assist with personal tasks To make business more efficient :  To assist with graphics and multimedia projects To support home, personal, and educational tasks To facilitate communications System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware 4 CATEGORIES OF APPLICATION Available in a variety of forms: Packaged software Custom software Web application Open source software Shareware Freeware Public-domain software SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Packaged software is mass-produced, copyrighted retail software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users, not just a single user or company. :  available in retail stores or on the Web. Custom software performs functions specific to a business or industry. Sometimes a company cannot find packaged software that meets its unique requirements. In this case, the company may use programmers to develop tailor- made custom software, which usually costs more than packaged software. A Web application is a Web site that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the Internet. Many Web sites provide free access to their programs; some charge a fee. Types of Web applications include e-mail, word processing, tax preparation, and game programs. Open source software is software provided for use, modification, and redistribution. This software has no restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification of the software’s internal instructions and its redistribution. can be downloaded from the Internet, often at no cost. Shareware is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period. To use a shareware program beyond that period, you send payment to the program developer. Shareware developers trust users to send payment if software use extends beyond the stated trial period. In some cases, a scaled-down version of the software is distributed free, and payment entitles the user to the fully functional product. Freeware is copyrighted software provided at no cost by an individual or a company that retains all rights to the software. programmers typically cannot incorporate freeware in applications they intend to sell. The word, free, in freeware indicates the software has no charge. :  Public-domain software has been donated for public use and has no copyright restrictions. Anyone can copy or distribute public-domain software to others at no cost. BUSINESS SOFTWARE: AS that assists people while performing business activities Scaled down versions of software are available to work with smart phones and other devices Word processing Spreadsheet Database Presentation Note taking Personal information manager Business software for phones Business software suites Project management Accounting Document management Enterprise computing software Word processing software: allows users to create and manipulate documents Features: :  Clip art: collection of electronic drawings, photos, and other images Spreadsheet software: allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations Function: predefined formula that performs common calculations Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in graphical form Database: collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data Allows users to create, access, and manage a database :  Presentation software: allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group Note taking software: enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page and then save the page as part of a notebook. The software can convert handwritten comments to typed text or store the notes in handwritten form. Users also can include audio recordings as part of their notes Software suite: collection of individual programs available together as a unit Personal Information Manager (PIM): AS that includes appointment calendar, address book, notepad Project management software: allows user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project Accounting software: helps companies record and report their financial transactions Document management software: provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user Enterprises typically require special computing solutions for various functional units: Human resources Accounting Engineering Marketing Sales Distribution Customer service Information technology :  SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Human Resources (HR) Software: Manages employee-related information, including benefits, personal details, performance reviews, training records, and vacation time. Accounting and Financial Software: Accounting Software: Manages everyday financial transactions like sales and supplier payments. Financial Software: Supports budgeting, forecasting, and financial analysis for better decision-making. Engineering/Product Development Software: Allows engineers to plan and test new product designs, ensuring quality and performance before production. Manufacturing Software: Assists in the production process, including assembly scheduling and inventory management for parts and products. Marketing Software: Used to create, execute, and track the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, enabling better targeting and resource allocation. Sales Software: Helps the sales team manage customer contacts, schedule meetings, log interactions, manage product information, and process customer orders. :  Distribution Software: Analyzes inventory, tracks product levels, and manages the shipping status of products to ensure efficient delivery. Customer Service Software: Manages interactions with customers through various channels, such as phone, email, web, and instant messaging, to improve service quality. Information Technology (IT) Software: IT staff use various tools to maintain, secure, and troubleshoot enterprise hardware and software, ensuring reliable system operations. GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE: Computer-aided design (CAD) software sophisticated type of application software that assists a professional user in creating engineering, architectural, and scientific designs. Desktop publishing software enables professional designers to create sophisticated documents that contain text, graphics, and many colors. ideal for the production of high-quality color documents such as textbooks, corporate newsletters, marketing literature, product catalogs, and annual reports. paint/image editing software provides the capabilities of paint software and also includes the capability :  to enhance and modify existing images and pictures. Professional photo editing software type of image editing software that allows photographers, videographers, engineers, scientists, and other high-volume digital photo users to edit and customize digital photos. Video and audio editing software modify a segment of a video, called a clip. Multimedia authoring software allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and animation in an interactive application. Web page authoring software: helps users of all skill levels create Web pages that include multimedia and interactive content :  SOFTWARE FOR HOME, PERSONAL, AND EDUCATION USE Personal finance software Legal software Tax preparation software Personal DTP software Personal paint/image editing software Clip art/image gallery Video and audio editing software Home design/landscaping software Travel and mapping software Reference software Education software :  Entertainment software WEB APPLICATION: website that allows users to access and interact with software from any computer or device that is connected to the internet APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR COMMUNICATIONS: LEARNING TOOLS FOR APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Online Help: electronic equivalent of a user manual. Can ask a question or access the Help topics in subject or alphabetical order Web-based Help: provides updates and more comprehensive resources to :  respond to technical issues about software Web-based training: type of CBT that uses internet technology and consists of application software on the Web Distance learning (DL): delivery of education at one location while the learning takes places at other locations 2.0 INFORMATION SYSTEM & DATABASE 1.1 INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS) refers to a collection of multiple pieces of equipment involved in the dissemination of information. Hardware, software, computer system connections and information, information system users, and the system’s housing are all part of an IS. study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data. There are several types of information systems, the following are the common types: Transaction processing systems Management information systems Decision support systems Executive information systems ELEMENTS OF IS (CBIS: Computer Based Information System) HARDWARE: refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals, including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage :  devices. CBIS may use a single/thousand computer SOFTWARE: tells the hardware how to function. It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. Everything you do using a computer is done by the software. DATA: Software cannot function without data Information part of an IS, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names, or graphics and animations = all key to a CBIS PROCEDURES: Rules, descriptions and instructions for how things are done Frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software, and data PEOPLE: most often overlooked and most important part of a computer- based information system They design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it running, write the procedures and they determine the success or failure of a CBIS COMMUNICATION: left out of some lists of CBIS elements, because parts of it are covered under hardware Components that allow one computer to communicate with another are hardware and are controlled by software :  1.2 DATABASE It's an organized collection of information which can easily be retrieved. Such as: Telephone Book Mailing List Address List Set of data related for a specific purpose or topic. It includes tools needed to work with data, such as: Sorting Filtering Extracting Summarizing BASIC DATABASE TERMINOLOGIES FORMS Database object that you can use to enter, edit, or display data from a table or a query A visually attractive form makes working with the database more pleasant and more efficient, and it can also help prevent incorrect data from being entered. REPORT can be use to summarize information from a table or query. very useful when you have already created queries from tables, and you :  want to analyze or summarize those queries so that they can be ready for printing. And you can be able to choose which fields you want in your report. MACROS can be used to create an action or set of actions that can be used to automate a task. can create a macro to perform a specific series of actions. can be contained in macro objects or they can be embedded into the forms and reports. PRIMARY KEYS field or set of fields in your table that acts as a unique identifier for every row. In a relational database you divide your information into separate tables. You then use table relationships and primary keys to bring the information together. Each table in a database must have a primary key before it can be related to another table. PRIMARY KEYS AND FOREIGN KEYS EXAMPLE: a Customer ID field in the Customers table might also appear in the Accounts table. In the Customers table, it is the primary key. In the Accounts table it is called a foreign key. A foreign key, simply stated, is another table's primary key. :  RELATIONSHIPS situation that exists between two relational database tables when one table has a foreign key that references the primary key of the other table. allow relational databases to split and store data in different tables, while linking disparate data items. TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP exist when a primary record from the primary table has only one related record in the related table. use a one-to-one relationship to divide a table with many fields, to isolate part of a table for security reasons, or to store information that applies only to a subset of the main table ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP exist when a primary record from the primary table is related to many records in the related table. One customer can have many accounts MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP exist when a primary record from the primary table is related to many records in the related table AND a related record in the related table is also :  related to many records in the primary table. A student takes many classes; and each class has many students PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data: Data redundancy and inconsistency Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task Data isolation — multiple files and formats Integrity problems Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of program code Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all Concurrent access by multiple users Concurrent accessed needed for performance :  Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies – E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time Security problems Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems 3.0 NETWORK & INTERNET 3.1 COMPUTER NETWORKS & INTERNET Computer Network Overview: A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorized based on their characteristics. Types of Networks: Local Area Networks (LAN): Small networks typically confined to a single building or location. Most common, original, and simplest network type. Connects computers and devices within a short distance (single building or nearby buildings). Managed by enterprises for sharing information and resources. Can connect to WANs using routers. :  Personal Area Networks (PAN): Small networks for personal devices, typically within a range of 10 meters. Smallest and most basic network. Typically found in small offices or homes. Managed by one person or organization. Includes wireless modem, computers, phones, tablets, etc. Home Area Networks (HAN): A network for home devices, typically connected by Wi-Fi. A type of LAN using wireless technology (e.g., Wi-Fi). Devices don’t require physical cables to connect. Wide Area Networks (WAN): Large-scale networks that cover a broad geographical area. Connects computers over long distances (e.g., Internet). Typically owned and maintained by multiple administrators. Enables remote communication over large areas. Campus Networks: Networks covering a group of buildings, usually within a university or corporate campus. Larger than LANs but smaller than MANs. Found in universities or small businesses. Can span across several buildings within close proximity. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): Networks that cover a city or large campus. Larger than LANs, smaller than WANs. :  Covers a geographical area like a town or city. Owned and maintained by a single entity (e.g., local council, company). Enterprise Private Networks: Large-scale private networks operated by businesses. Internetworks: Networks that connect different types of networks. Backbone Networks (BBN): High-speed networks that carry data between different smaller networks. Global Area Networks (GAN): Networks that span the globe, connecting worldwide locations. The Internet: A global network connecting millions of smaller networks. SAN (Storage Area Network): Dedicated high-speed network connecting storage devices to servers. Does not rely on LAN or WAN. Types: Converged, virtual, and unified SANs. SAN (System Area Network): Relatively new network type. High-speed connection for server-to-server, processor-to-processor, and storage applications. Operates as a single system at very high speeds. POLAN (Passive Optical LAN): An alternative to traditional Ethernet LANs. Uses optical splitters to provide a point-to-multipoint architecture. Supports traditional Ethernet protocols and applications like PoE VPN (Virtual Private Network): :  Extends a private network over the Internet. Allows users to send/receive data as if they are directly connected to the private network. Network Topologies: Network topology refers to the arrangement of a network comprising of nodes (devices) and connecting lines (communication channels). refers to the layout of devices in a network. Bus Topology: Every computer and network device is connected to a single cable. Data is transmitted in one direction only. A single central cable connects all devices. Data is transmitted in both directions to all devices, with the receiving device identified by its address. Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a ring, with each device having exactly two neighbors. Devices connected in a closed loop (ring). Data travels in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. Star Topology: Devices are connected to a central hub. The hub may be passive or active (with repeaters). All devices (nodes) connect to a central device (hub or switch). Data passes through the central device to reach other nodes. Easy to install, maintain, and add/remove nodes. :  Mesh Topology: Each device is connected to every other device. Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more topologies, offering scalability and reliability but at a higher cost. Combines two or more different topologies (e.g., bus, mesh, ring, and star). Chosen based on specific needs (e.g., number of computers, location, performance requirements). The Internet: The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. Origin of the Internet: The Internet originated as ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) in September 1969 with two main goals: Allow scientists to share information and collaborate across physical locations. Ensure functionality even if part of the network was disabled or destroyed by a disaster. Key Milestones: 1969: ARPANET becomes functional. 1984: ARPANET grows to over 1,000 computers. 1986: NSF connects NSFnet to ARPANET, becoming the Internet. 1995: NSFNet terminates, the Internet becomes commercial. 1996: Internet2 is founded. Today: Over 550 million hosts are connected to the Internet. Internet Infrastructure: :  World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): Oversees research and sets guidelines and standards. Internet2: A high-speed private network connecting over 200 universities and 115 companies. Internet Access: Users access the Internet through various means, such as: Cable Internet service DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) Fixed Wireless Cellular Radio Network Wi-Fi Satellite Internet Service Internet Service Providers (ISPs): An ISP is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet, either for free or for a fee. Regional ISPs provide access in specific geographical areas. National ISPs provide nationwide coverage. Online Service Providers (OSPs), such as AOL and MSN, offer a range of additional features. Wireless ISPs provide wireless access to mobile devices and computers. IP Address and Domain Names: :  An IP address is a unique identifier for a computer or device connected to the Internet. A domain name is the text version of an IP address (e.g., google.com). Top-Level Domain (TLD): The last part of a domain name (e.g.,.com,.org). DNS (Domain Name System): A DNS server translates domain names into IP addresses. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The Internet, also known as the Net, is a worldwide collection of networks linking millions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. It provides resources that contribute to the abundance of goods, services, and information accessible via the Internet. History of the Internet The Internet’s roots trace back to a project started by the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPA’s goals were: Allow scientists in different physical locations to share information and collaborate on military and scientific projects. Build a network that could function even if part of it were disabled or destroyed (e.g., by a nuclear attack). ARPANET, the first network, became functional in September 1969, connecting scientific and academic researchers in the U.S. The original ARPANET had four computers located at: :  University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Santa Barbara Stanford Research Institute University of Utah Each of these computers served as a host (server) that provides services and connections to other computers on the network. By 1984, ARPANET had over 1,000 hosts. Today, more than 550 million hosts are connected to the Internet. NSFnet and Internet Growth In 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) connected its NSFnet to ARPANET, forming the basis for the modern Internet. NSFnet handled the majority of Internet traffic until 1995, after which NSFnet terminated and returned to its status as a research network. Internet2 was founded in 1996 to develop and test advanced network technologies that will benefit future Internet users. This network requires extremely high-speed capabilities, exceeding current Internet performance. Internet Governance The Internet is not owned or controlled by a single entity (person, company, institution, or government). The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees research and sets standards for many aspects of the Internet. More than 350 organizations globally are members of the W3C, advising on standards and addressing Internet issues. Internet2 and Broadband Access :  Internet2 is a high-speed private network connecting 200+ universities and 115+ companies. Home and small business users typically connect to the Internet via high-speed broadband services, such as: Cable: Uses the cable TV network via a cable modem. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Uses regular telephone lines for high-speed Internet. FTTP (Fiber to the Premises): Uses fiber-optic cable to provide Internet access. Fixed Wireless: Uses antennas to connect to a tower via radio signals. Cellular Networks: Provides mobile high-speed Internet connections. Wi-Fi: Uses radio signals to connect devices to the Internet wirelessly. Satellite: Provides Internet via satellite communication. Access Providers and ISPs An Access Provider is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet for a fee or sometimes for free. Wi-Fi networks provide free access, while other providers charge for services at different rates based on speed and services. ISPs (Internet Service Providers): Regional or national businesses providing Internet access. Regional ISPs: Service specific geographic areas. National ISPs: Service nationwide, offering more services and larger support teams. Online Service Providers (OSPs) OSPs (e.g., AOL and MSN) provide Internet access along with additional :  services like instant messaging and custom browsers. AOL offers gateway functionality, meaning it regulates Internet services for its members and provides free access for broadband users. Wireless Internet Service Providers Wireless Internet Service Providers provide access to mobile devices or computers with built-in wireless capability (e.g., Wi-Fi). Wireless modems (e.g., USB drives) connect to the provider’s network via airwaves. How the Internet Works Servers and clients work together to transfer data across the Internet using various wired and wireless transmission media. The Internet backbone refers to the major carriers of Internet traffic, much like highways carrying traffic across a country. These carriers exchange data at major cities, transferring it between networks until it reaches its final destination. Internet Addressing IP Address: A unique identifier for each device connected to the Internet. It consists of four groups of numbers (0-255), separated by periods (e.g., 72.14.207.99). The first portion identifies the network, and the last portion identifies the specific device. Domain Name: A text version of an IP address, separated by periods (e.g., example.com). :  DNS (Domain Name System): A method to store domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. A DNS server translates domain names into IP addresses for routing data correctly. Top-Level Domain (TLD) Every domain name has a TLD (last section of the domain). A generic TLD (gTLD) identifies the type of organization associated with the domain. Example:.com,.org,.gov, etc. 3.2 THE WEB The World Wide Web: The World Wide Web consists of a collection of electronic documents (web pages) connected by links. A Web site is a collection of related web pages, often including multimedia. A Web server is a computer that delivers web pages to users’ browsers. Web Generations: Web 1.0: Read-only web, allowing users to only view information. Web 2.0: Interactive web, allowing users to engage and interact with content (e.g., social media). Web Browsers: Web browsers are programs that allow users to access the Web, examples :  include: Internet Explorer Firefox Opera Safari Google Chrome Web Concepts: Home Page: The first page displayed when visiting a website. Web Pages: Contain content and links to other web pages. Surfing the Web: Browsing the Internet by navigating between pages. Downloading: Receiving files or data from the web. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A web address that specifies the location of a resource. Search Tools: Search Engines: Tools to find information on specific topics (e.g., Google, Bing). Subject Directories: Organized collections of web pages categorized by subject (e.g., Yahoo). Search Operators: Refining searches: Specific symbols and keywords to narrow down search results. Types of Web Sites: :  Portal: A site that offers a range of content and services (e.g., Yahoo). News: Sites that provide news updates (e.g., BBC, CNN). Informational: Websites offering detailed information on various subjects. Business/Marketing: Sites designed for commercial purposes. Blog: Personal or group web journals. Wiki: Collaborative websites where users can edit content. Online Social Network: Platforms for social interaction (e.g., Facebook, Twitter). Educational: Sites focused on educational content. Entertainment: Sites focused on leisure and entertainment (e.g., YouTube, Netflix). Advocacy: Websites focused on promoting causes or campaigns. Web Application: Interactive software applications available through a web browser. Content Aggregator: Sites that collect and present content from various sources (e.g., Flipboard). Personal: Websites for individuals or families. Evaluating Web Information: Information presented on the web must be carefully evaluated for accuracy since no centralized authority oversees the content. Multimedia on the Web: Graphics: Digital representations of visual information (e.g., BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF). Thumbnails: Small versions of larger images. Animation: Motion created by displaying still images in sequence. :  Audio: Includes music, speech, or sound. It may be compressed to reduce file size. Streaming: A process that delivers audio and video content in real-time. Virtual Reality (VR): Virtual Reality (VR) simulates a real or imagined environment, creating a 3D experience. Web Publishing Process: 1. Plan a Web Site: Define the purpose and structure. 2. Analyze and Design: Create a blueprint of the website. 3. Create a Web Site: Develop the website’s pages. 4. Deploy a Web Site: Publish the website online. 5. Maintain the Website: Update and manage content regularly. Email and Communication: E-mail: A system for transmitting messages and files. E-mail Program: A tool for composing, sending, and managing emails. Mailing List: A group of e-mail addresses under one name. Subscribing: Adding an email to a mailing list. Unsubscribing: Removing an email from a mailing list. Instant Messaging (IM) and Communication: Instant Messaging (IM): Real-time communication over the Internet. :  Chat: A real-time typed conversation. Chat Room: A virtual space where users engage in real-time conversations. VoIP (Voice over IP): VoIP allows voice communication over the Internet, also known as Internet telephony. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP is a standard for transferring files between computers over the Internet. FTP Server: A computer that stores files and allows users to upload or download them via FTP. Netiquette: Netiquette refers to the accepted code of behavior and etiquette for online communication. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Web Browser: Software that allows users to access and view Web pages or use Web 2.0 programs. Common browsers include: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Safari, and Google Chrome. Browsing the Web :  To browse the Web, you need a computer or mobile device connected to the Internet with a Web browser. Home Page: The default starting page displayed when you launch a browser. Home page (another meaning): The first page of a website, similar to a book's cover or table of contents, providing site information. Links and Navigation Link (Hyperlink): A built-in connection to another Web page or part of a page. Hypertext: Text-based links. Hypermedia: Combines text-based, graphic, audio, and video links. Surfing the Web: The activity of navigating the Web using links in a non-linear manner. Downloading and URLs Downloading: The process of receiving information from the server (e.g., Web pages). URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A unique address for each Web page. Example: https://www.feutech.edu.ph. Components of a URL: Protocol: E.g., http://, defines the rules for page transfer. Domain Name: Identifies the Web server. Path: Specifies the location of a specific page on the Web server. Tabbed Browsing Tabbed Browsing: Allows users to open multiple Web pages in different tabs within the same browser window. :  Search Tools Search Engines: Programs that find websites, pages, images, videos, and more related to a specific topic. Subject Directories: Organize Web pages into categories (e.g., Sports, Shopping). Types of Web Sites 1. Portal: A site that offers various services, such as search engines, news, weather, email, and more. 2. News Website: Contains news stories and articles on current events. 3. Informational Website: Provides factual information (e.g., government data, research). 4. Business/Marketing Website: Promotes or sells products or services. 5. Blog: An informal website with time-stamped posts in a diary format, sometimes including video (Vlog). Microblog: A site for short posts (e.g., Twitter). 6. Wiki: A collaborative site where users can add, modify, or delete content. 7. Online Social Network: A site for sharing personal interests, photos, and ideas (e.g., Facebook). 8. Educational Website: Offers resources for teaching and learning. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) FTP: A protocol for uploading and downloading files from the Internet. Uploading: Transferring files from your computer to a server. FTP Server: A computer that allows file uploads and downloads. FTP Site: A site that hosts files available for transfer. :  Anonymous FTP: Allows public access to certain files on an FTP site. :