ENESTIPI REBYU_FINAL (IT14) PDF

REVIEWER TABLE OF CONTENTS (YOU MAY CLICK EACH CHAPTER TO IMMEDIATELY JUMP TO THAT CHAPTER) 1. CHAPTER 1 - NSTP PROGRAM (RA9163) 2. CHAPTER 2 - THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN PERSON 3. CHAPTER 3 - VALUES DEVELOPMENT FOR CITIZENSHIP TRAINING 4. CHAPTER 4 - LEADERSHIP TRAINING 5. CHAPTER 5 - FU...

REVIEWER TABLE OF CONTENTS (YOU MAY CLICK EACH CHAPTER TO IMMEDIATELY JUMP TO THAT CHAPTER) 1. CHAPTER 1 - NSTP PROGRAM (RA9163) 2. CHAPTER 2 - THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN PERSON 3. CHAPTER 3 - VALUES DEVELOPMENT FOR CITIZENSHIP TRAINING 4. CHAPTER 4 - LEADERSHIP TRAINING 5. CHAPTER 5 - FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUP DYNAMICS 6. CHAPTER 6 - DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT: HEALTH AWARENESS  Chap 1 NSTP - National Service Training Program TESDA - Technical Education and Skills IRR - Implementing Rules and Regulations Development Authority NSTP COMPONENTS NSTP Law Coverage ROTC - Reserve Officers’ Training Corps 1.) All students in baccalaureate or LTS - Literacy Training Service technical-vocational programs must CWTS - Community Welfare Training complete one NSTP component for two Service semesters to graduate. 2.) All public and private higher institutions NSTP Law / NSTP Act of 2001 / must offer at least one NSTP component. R.A No. 9163 - An Act Establishing the 3.) State universities and colleges must NSTP for Tertiary-Level Students; Amends provide ROTC and at least one additional the R.A No. 7077 & Presidential Decree NSTP component (LTS or CWTS). No. 1706. Signed by Gloria 4.) The NSTP Law does not apply to the Macapagal-Arroyo || 01/23/2022 Philippine Military Academy, Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, Philippine ROTC - aims to provide military training to National Police Academy, and similar prepare the youth for national defense, institutions. (PMA/PMMA/PNPA) instilling patriotism, moral virtues, and ---------------------------------------------------------- respect for civilian rights. NSTP-CWTS Core Values LTS - trains students to teach literacy and 1. Love of God numeracy skills to school children and 2. Human Dignity out-of-school youth. 3. Discipline, truth, goodness, social CWTS - engages students in activities that responsibility enhance community welfare and improve 4. Awareness, Innovation, Creativity health, education, environment, and safety. 5. Respect, Synergy, Professionalism DND - Department of National Defense 6. Excellence and indigenous CHED - Commission on Higher learning Education 7. Protection and conservation of the environment 8. Quality Service Delivery  Chap 2 Estañol (2007) defines the human person as having physical, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual attributes. PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF THE St. Thomas Aquinas describes the HUMAN PERSON human person as possessing both physical and spiritual substance, Protagoras - A human person is the with a soul created by a Superior measure of all things, existing and Being for a divine purpose. non-existing. Additionally, dictionaries define the Plato - The perfect human does not human person as a “self-conscious exist in this world; instead, what we animal”. see are imperfect copies of an ---------------------------------------------------------- original self in the realm of ideas. Parmenides - Knowledge exists CHARACTERISTICS OF A HUMAN only about what is; if a person does PERSON not exist, they cannot know Accdg. to Babor (2007) anything. 1.) Rational Being: Humans have the ---------------------------------------------------------- capacity to think, reason, and distinguish PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF THE right from wrong. HUMAN PERSON 2.) Born Free: Each person has the (Maguigad, 2006) freedom to choose actions but is Conservatism: A non-egalitarian responsible for those choices. perspective that values contributions to 3.) Unique Identity: Every individual society, aligned with Confucian ideas of possesses a distinct identity, shaped by hierarchy. personal perceptions, values, and priorities, even if they share similar traits. Liberalism: Advocates for egalitarianism, 4.) Social Nature: Humans are inherently believing all individuals can reason and lead social beings, characterized by relationships productive lives if given the chance. with others and the environment. Mencius asserts anyone can gain wisdom to 5.) Unique Sexual Expression: While all rule. living beings are sexual by nature, the way humans express their sexuality—through Socialism: Emphasizes cooperation but emotions, attitudes, and notes that selfish exploitation hinders this actions—distinguishes them from animals. instinct. Marx argues that without social engagement, individuals become alienated. Fascism: Prioritizes the nation over the individual, viewing personal prosperity as secondary to national interests, and supports a natural hierarchy among people. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Chap 3 Preamble - A preamble is an introductory Roots of the Filipino Character and preliminary statement in a document 1.) Family and Home Environment that explains the document's purpose and 2.) The Social Environment underlying philosophy. It may cite historical 3.) Culture and Language facts pertinent to the subject of the statute. 4.) History The preamble to the constitution of the 5.) The Educational System Philippines dictates that the Philippines and 6.) Religion the Filipino people are the sovereign 7.) The Economic Environment masters of the Philippine Islands. 8.) The Political Environment ---------------------------------------------------------- 9.) Mass Media Good Citizenship Values 10.) Leadership and Role Models ---------------------------------------------------------- 1.) Love for God / Makadiyos NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM 2.) Love for Fellowmen / Makatao Contemporary Nationalism - Focuses 3.) Love for Country / Makabayan less on aggressive forms of nationalism; 4.) Love for Environment / Makakalikasan while it can mobilize oppressed groups and ---------------------------------------------------------- provide dignity, its moral costs often outweigh benefits. Nationalism Defined: Action: Efforts to achieve or Attitude: Involves national identity, maintain full statehood and authority over origin, ethnicity, and cultural ties.’ domestic and international affairs. Patriotism: Love and devotion to Distinction: While often used one’s country, derived from the Greek interchangeably with nationalism, patriotism "patris" (fatherland). Its meaning varies by is not inherently linked to it and can be context, geography, and philosophy. influenced by native religion and civic values ---------------------------------------------------------- Wells (2012): Success requires articulated PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN goals, not wishful thinking. Purpose defines what is important to you. Key Components 4. Design Success: Create a “success 1. Your True Self: Reflect on your blueprint” outlining how to reach values, patterns, and beliefs. your goals. 2. Make It Personal: Define what 5. Harness the Power: Commit to success and achievement mean to executing your plans to turn them you. into reality. 3. Know Your Outcome: Set clear 6. Accept Success: Cultivate a goals and identify how to achieve mindset focused on achieving them. desired outcomes. 7. Life is Circular: Anticipate future growth beyond completing your plan Chap 4 HUMAN BEHAVIOR Definition - Human behavior involves Life Course - The human life course mental, physical, emotional, and social consists of distinct phases: prenatal, activities across life stages—prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, each with unique characteristics adulthood—shaped by culture, society, (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). values, morals, ethics, and genetics (businessdictionary.com).  4.) Compassion - Good leaders care for their followers and demonstrate strong Field of Study - Human development, or coaching and development skills. developmental psychology, explores 5.) Charisma - They attract people with changes in cognitive, emotional, and their charm and ability to build relationships. behavioral capabilities throughout life. 6.) Communication Skills - Effective ---------------------------------------------------------- leaders are persuasive and articulate in Motivation expressing their ideas. Definition - Motivation is the internal and 7.) Persistence - They remain determined external drive that encourages commitment to achieve goals despite challenges, valuing to goals, shaped by factors like desire, the benefits over risks. reward value, and expectations. 8.) Integrity - Good leaders are reliable, keeping their promises and practicing what Swindell (2012) - Motivation is the drive they preach. and ambition needed to achieve goals, 9.) Daring - Bold and willing to take risks, providing the necessary push in various pursuing dreams despite fear. aspects of life, such as work, school, or 10.) Discipline - Maintain self-control and personal challenges. focus, undeterred by distractions. Demotivation - Factors like failing to meet targets or negative influences from others can lead to a loss of motivation. TRAITS OF AN EFFECTIVE LEADER ---------------------------------------------------------- (MAXWELL, 1999) GOOD LEADERSHIP 1. Character - The quality of a person's behavior as revealed by Leadership - Refers to acts of leading or habits, thoughts, expressions, “the process of social influence in which one attitudes, and actions. Choose person can enlist the aid and support of character over compromise. others in the accomplishment of a common 2. Charisma - A special spiritual gift task.” bestowed temporarily by the Holy Spirit, representing extraordinary ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A power that captures popular GOOD LEADER imagination and wins support. 3. Commitment - Engaging in a 1.) Vision - Good leaders inspire others continuing obligation, representing with a clear vision for the future, seeing intellectual and emotional adherence possibilities beyond the present. to a political, social, or religious 2.) Wit - They make sound judgments, even theory of action. in critical situations. 4. Communication - A two-way 3.) Passion - They are intensely dedicated process of reaching mutual to their pursuits, whether in business, understanding, where participants sports, or hobbies. exchange information and create shared meaning; the response is what matters.  5. Competence - Indicates a sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enables someone to act in 4 COMPONENTS OF various situations, demonstrating the TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP capacity to understand and respond reasonably. Charisma - Leaders inspire confidence and 6. Courage - The quality of mind that set high standards through their idealized allows a person to face difficulties influence. and danger without fear; it begins Inspirational motivation - Leaders provide with an inward battle and inspires challenges and meaningful reasons for commitment from followers. followers to engage in shared goals. ---------------------------------------------------------- Intellectual stimulation - Leaders LEADERSHIP STYLES encourage followers to question assumptions and develop creative solutions. Transactional Leadership - Relies on Individualized consideration - Leaders power through rewards and coercion, using treat each follower as an individual, offering fear or incentives to manage team coaching and growth opportunities. members. ---------------------------------------------------------- TRANSFORMATION AREAS Transformational Leadership - Accdg to. Bass (1990), transformational leadership is Values: a form of leadership that occurs when Power as liberation, not dominion. leaders broaden and elevate their Emphasis on peace over conflict. employees' interests, fostering awareness Balance between efficiency and and acceptance of the group's mission, and equality. encouraging a focus on collective good over Focus on sustainability over growth. self-interest. Found at community, national, Shift from competition to sharing. and global levels across various Processes sectors.Non-hierarchical and participatory, Move from hierarchical to emphasizing moral and ethical standards. participatory. Promote transparency over secrecy. Key Traits: Empower rather than burden. Clear Vision - Transformational Institutions leaders articulate a collective vision Transition from bureaucratic to and communicate it effectively. egalitarian and accountable Role Modeling - They inspire structures. employees to prioritize the ---------------------------------------------------------- organization's well-being. Innovation - They motivate FUNCTIONS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL employees to be innovative and take LEADERSHIP personal risks, using ethical, 1. Task Functions unconventional methods. a. Define tasks collaboratively.  b. Involve others in planning them in positions and leaving and allocation. them there. c. Use peer pressure for ---------------------------------------------------------- control. SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY d. Promote self-management EFFECTIVE PEOPLE and group reviews. (Stephen Covey, 2007) 2. Team Functions a. Set standards collectively. 1. Be Proactive b. Encourage discipline and a. Take responsibility for team spirit. your life. You have c. Promote motivation and the freedom to develop sub-leaders. choose your behavior d. Maintain open and honest and responses communication. 2. Begin with the End in Mind 3. Individual Functions a. Know where you want a. Address personal problems. to go. Ensure that b. Enhance individual your plans align with confidence through praise. what you want to c. Involve individuals in achieve decision-making. 3. Put First Things First d. Ensure continuous training a. Practice and development. self-management. ---------------------------------------------------------- Know your priorities. LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT 4. Think Win-Win a. View life as a Develop a Pool of Leaders cooperative arena. ○ Identify individuals with basic Aim for mutually leadership qualities. beneficial solutions. ○ Widen the catchment area 5. Seek First to Understand, for recruitment. Then to be Understood ○ Ensure a democratic a. Listen empathetically. selection process. Understand others Provide Knowledge and Skills before expressing ○ Build leaders’ personal your own views. capacities. 6. Synergize ○ Recognize leadership a. The whole is greater development as a lifelong than the sum of its process. parts. Creative cooperation leads to better results. Support Active Leaders 7. Sharpen the Saw ○ Continuously support a. Update your leaders, rather than placing knowledge and skills regularly. Use humor  to relieve tension and a. Use a calendar or planner to foster camaraderie. stay organized and ---------------------------------------------------------- disciplined TEAMWORK Definition - The process of working collaboratively with a group to achieve a 6. Balance goal a. Schedule time for relaxation Importance - Vital for success in and ensure you live your life businesses and educational settings. while managing time Characteristics effectively 1.) Focus on common goals. ---------------------------------------------------------- 2.) Set aside individual differences DECISION-MAKING for group success. ---------------------------------------------------------- Definition: A process of selecting the most TIME MANAGEMENT logical choice from two or more options (Adopted from Paulia Estes, edited by (e.g., moving to a new apartment or staying Niki Foster [May 28, 2012]). put). Definition - The art of arranging, Importance: Effective decision-making is organizing, scheduling, and budgeting one's crucial for survival and prosperity. The time for effective work and productivity. ability to make the right choice sets individuals apart. Importance - Crucial for everyone, including students, teachers, and CONSIDER THE FF. IN professionals. DECISION-MAKING 1. Identification of Alternatives - Consider various solutions. KEY STRATEGIES: 2. Evaluation of Options - Assess 1. Organize your workplace which option meets decision a. A clean environment helps objectives you work effectively. 3. Selection of the Best Option - 2. Plan Ahead Choose the most suitable solution a. Put in time to reorganize your after thorough evaluation life for better efficiency. 3. Track Activities a. Write down all activities, including personal tasks. TYPES OF INVOLVEMENT IN 4. Prioritize Activities DECISION-MAKING a. Rank tasks on a scale of one Consensus or Agreement to three based on ○ Involves compromising after importance. hearing all opinions. 5. Keep a Schedule ○ Promotes understanding, unity, and commitment. Majority Voting  ○ Effective but may alienate minority members whose views were not heard. Minority DIFFICULTIES IN DECISION-MAKING ○ Not consciously organized, few powerful personalities 1. Fear of Consequences dominate the group a. Can cause division and Silent Consensus disagreement ○ Unanimous decisions are 2. Conflicting Loyalties assumed without discussion, a. Often leads to divided rarely applied on important decisions issues. 3. Interpersonal Conflicts a. Personal differences create The Clique feelings that interfere with ○ A small, organized group decision-making pushes their agenda, 4. Hidden Agendas creating rivalry instead of a. Secret motives can hinder cooperation decision-making if not Handclasp Decision shared. ○ One suggestion is accepted 5. Blundering Methods without discussion, leading to a. Rigid procedures limit potential resentment later. differing views and ignore One-Person Decision proper consultation. ○ Made quickly but may lack 6. Inadequate Leadership support but may lack support a. Poor leadership restricts for implementation later. opinion expression and decision-making support. 7. Clash of Interests a. Opposing interests arise among different groups within an organization. Chap 5 Group - defined as two or more individuals Group Dynamics - refers to the social engaged in social interaction; composed of processes of interaction within a small individuals who come together to group, derived from the word “dunamis” accomplish a particular task or goal. meaning “force.” It studies the forces operating within the group. It also forms the structure of a group and determines how its members function. ---------------------------------------------------------- Forces Found in Small Groups TYPES OF GROUPS 1.) Primary Group: Characterized by Elton Mayo (1920-1930) - Workers intimate face-to-face association and tend to establish relationships that affect job cooperation among members, forming the satisfaction and effectiveness. social nature and ideals of an individual, involving sympathy and mutual Kurt Lewin (1930) - different identification. leadership attitudes produce different 2.) Secondary Group: Members are aware responses in groups. of personal relationships but do not feel ---------------------------------------------------------- bound to each other except in crises. They may be separated by distance but can CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL GROUP share interests through correspondence or media (San Juan & Centeno, 2011). San Juan and Centeno (2011) - ---------------------------------------------------------- Psychologically, man is said to be a rational CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUP being; politically, a political and Interaction: The pattern of mutual power-seeking being; theologically, a influence (physical, verbal, religious, God-seeking being; and non-verbal, emotional). sociologically, a gregarious social being Structure: A stable pattern of seeking the company of others. The saying relationships, including roles and “No man is an island” illustrates that a norms that describe appropriate person cannot live satisfactorily alone, as behavior. their existence and happiness depend on Goals: The reason for the group's associations with others. existence. ---------------------------------------------------------- Perceived Groupness: The extent SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF GROUPS to which members see themselves Group Dynamics: In group dynamics, "one as one (common fate, similarity, plus one equals three" reflects that the proximity). relationship between two people creates a Dynamic Interdependency: Active, dynamic greater than just their individual energized, and changing contributions. relationships among members. ---------------------------------------------------------- Motivation: Focus on personal needs, leading to satisfaction when attained. ----------------------------------------------------------  KINDS OF FORMAL GROUPS KINDS OF INFORMAL GROUPS 1.) Command Groups - Specified by the 1.) Interest Groups - May last longer than organizational chart, often composed of a general informal groups, with specific goals leader and members who report directly to not necessarily related to organizational them (e.g., an academic department). objectives (e.g., study groups). 2.) Task Groups - Consist of people 2.) Friendship Groups - Formed by working together to achieve a common task individuals who enjoy similar social activities within a specified time (e.g., ad hoc or beliefs, focusing on companionship (e.g., committees, project groups). exercise groups). 3.) Functional Groups - Created to 3.) Reference Groups - Composed of accomplish specific goals within an people used for social validation and unspecified time frame and continue to comparison, helping individuals evaluate function even after goals are achieved (e.g., their actions. sales and marketing department). Chap 6 Communicable Diseases - are infections Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) - that can spread from one person to are not infectious and cannot be another, often caused by pathogens like transmitted between individuals. They bacteria, viruses, or parasites. They can be are often chronic conditions related to transmitted through direct contact, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental airborne particles, or vectors like factors. Examples include diabetes, mosquitoes. Examples include dengue, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. malaria, and cholera. Summary of Communicable Diseases 1. Dengue a. Caused by Plasmodium a. Caused by dengue virus from parasites transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquitoes. b. Symptoms: High fever, b. Symptoms: Fever, chills, severe headaches, nausea, headache. muscle/joint pain, rashes. 3. Cholera 2. Malaria a. Caused by Vibrio cholerae via contaminated water/food.  b. Symptoms: Severe diarrhea, a. Caused by avian influenza A vomiting, dehydration. viruses from birds. 4. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) b. Symptoms: Fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches. 5. H1N1 (Swine Flu) 6. Typhoid Fever a. A flu virus affecting humans; a. Caused by Salmonella typhi; not transmitted through pork. spread through contaminated b. Symptoms: Fever, cough, food/water. sore throat, body aches. b. Symptoms: Sustained high c. Outbreaks can lead to severe fever, abdominal pain, illness in younger individuals. headaches. c. Diagnosis via stool culture; treated with antibiotics. Summary of Non-Communicable Diseases 1.) Hypertension 3.) Diabetes a.) Above or below normal blood a.) A metabolic disorder pressure in the arteries characterized by high blood b.) Normal: ≤120/80 mmHg sugar. It includes: c.) High: ≥140/90 mmHg i.) Type 1 Diabetes: d.) Low: