Introduction to Psychology Chapter 4 PDF

Introduction to Psychology Chapter 4 Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs  Learning Objectives LO 4.1Consciousness and levels of consciousness LO 4.2Why sleep and how sleep works LO 4.3Stages of sleep and dreaming LO 4.4Sleep disorders and no...

Introduction to Psychology Chapter 4 Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and Drugs  Learning Objectives LO 4.1Consciousness and levels of consciousness LO 4.2Why sleep and how sleep works LO 4.3Stages of sleep and dreaming LO 4.4Sleep disorders and normal sleep LO 4.5Why people dream and what they dream about LO 4.6Hypnosis and how it works LO 4.7Physical and psychological dependence on a drug LO 4.8How do stimulant and depressants affect consciousness LO 4.9Dangers of narcotics, hallucinogens and marijuana LO 4.10What are hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations  Consciousness LO 4.1 Consciousness and levels of consciousness Consciousness – A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment. Waking consciousness – State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert.  Consciousness LO 4.1 Consciousness and levels of consciousness Altered state of consciousness – State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.  Necessity of Sleep LO 4.2 Why sleep and how sleep works Circadian rhythm - a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period. – "circa" – about – "diem" – day  Necessity of Sleep LO 4.2 Why sleep and how sleep works Hypothalamus – tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system. – suprachiasmatic nucleus – deep within the hypothalamus; the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. Tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin, which makes a person feel sleepy.  Necessity of Sleep LO 4.2 Why sleep and how sleep works Microsleeps - brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds. Sleep deprivation - any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability.  Necessity of Sleep LO 4.2 Why sleep and how sleep works Adaptive theory - theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active.  Necessity of Sleep LO 4.2 Why sleep and how sleep works Restorative theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.  Brain Wave Patterns LO 4.2 Why sleep and how sleep works Electroencephalograph (EEG) – Allows scientists to see the brain wave activity as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep the person has entered.  Alpha waves - brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.  Theta waves - brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.  Delta waves - long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep. Figure 4.1 Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults Infants need far more sleep than older children and adults. Both REM sleep and NREM sleep decrease dramatically in the first 10 years of life, with the greatest decrease in REM sleep. Nearly 50 percent of an infant’s sleep is REM, compared to only about 20 percent for a normal, healthy adult. (Roffwarg, 1966)  Stages of Sleep LO 4.3 Stages of sleep and dreaming Rapid eye movement (REM) - stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream. NREM (non-REM) sleep - any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.  Stages of Sleep LO 4.3 Stages of sleep and dreaming Non-REM Stage One – light sleep. – May experience:  hypnagogic images – vivid visual events.  hypnic jerk – knees, legs, or whole body jerks. Non-REM Stage Two – sleep spindles (brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two).  Stages of Sleep LO 4.3 Stages of sleep and dreaming Non-REM Stages Three and Four – delta waves pronounced. – Deep sleep – when 50%+ of waves are delta waves. Figure 4.2 Brain Activity During Sleep The EEG reflects brain activity during both waking and sleep. This activity varies according to level of alertness while awake (top two segments) and the stage of sleep (middle segments). Sleep Stages 3 and 4 are indicated by the presence of delta activity, which is much slower and accounts for the larger, slower waves on these graphs. Figure 4.2 (continued) Brain Activity During Sleep [NOTE: The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Iber et al., 2007) has recently published updated guidelines for the scoring of sleep activity and one major change has been to combine NREM stages 3 and 4 into a single stage, now indicated by N3.] REM has activity that resembles alert wakefulness but has relatively no muscle activity except rapid eye movement. The bottom segments illustrate how EEG activity differs between wakefulness, light and deep sleep, and lastly what it looks like when brain activity has ceased in cerebral death. EEG data and images in this figure are courtesy of Dr. Leslie Sherlin. Figure 4.3 A Typical Night’s Sleep The graph shows the typical progression through the night of Stages 1–4 and REM sleep. Stages 1–4 are indicated on the y-axis, and REM stages are represented by the green curves on the graph. The REM periods occur about every 90 minutes throughout the night (Dement, 1974).  REM Sleep and Dreaming LO 4.3 Stages of sleep and dreaming REM sleep is paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity). If wakened during REM sleep, almost always report a dream. REM rebound - increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights.  Sleep Disorders LO 4.4 Sleep disorders and normal sleep Nightmares – Bad dreams occurring during REM sleep. REM behavior disorder – A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.  Stage Four Sleep Disorders LO 4.4 Sleep disorders and normal sleep Sleepwalking (somnambulism) – Occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep. Sleepwalking is more common among children than adults. Although this young girl may appear to be awake, she is still deeply asleep. When she awakens in the morning, she will have no memory of this sleepwalking episode.  Stage Four Sleep Disorders LO 4.4 Sleep disorders and normal sleep Night terrors – Relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully.  Sleep Disorders LO 4.4 Sleep disorders and normal sleep Can Sleepwalking be a Crime Defense? – Kenneth Parks case – Scott Falater case – Brian Thomas case  Problems During Sleep LO 4.4 Sleep disorders and normal sleep Insomnia - the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep. Sleep apnea - disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more. – Continuous positive airway pressure device.  Problems During Sleep LO 4.4 Sleep disorders and normal sleep Narcolepsy - sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. – Cataplexy – sudden loss of muscle tone.  Dreams LO 4.5 Why people dream and what they dream about Freud – dreams as wish fulfillment. – Manifest content – the actual dream itself. – Latent content – the true, hidden meaning of a dream.  Dreams LO 4.5 Why people dream and what they dream about Activation-synthesis hypothesis - explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.  Dreams LO 4.5 Why people dream and what they dream about Activation-information-mode model (AIM) - revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.  Hypnosis LO 4.6 Hypnosis and how it works Hypnosis - state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.  Hypnosis LO 4.6 Hypnosis and how it works Four Elements of Hypnosis: – The hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said. – The person is told to relax and feel tired. – The hypnotist tells the person to "let go" and accept suggestions easily. – The person is told to use vivid imagination. Hypnotic susceptibility – degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject.  Theories of Hypnosis LO 4.6 Hypnosis and how it works Hypnosis as dissociation – hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden "observer" remained aware of all that was going on. Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis - theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation.  Psychoactive Drugs LO 4.7 Physical and psychological dependence on drugs Psychoactive drugs - drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory. Physical Dependence – Tolerance – more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect. – Withdrawal - physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.  Psychoactive Drugs LO 4.7 Physical and psychological dependence on drugs Psychological dependence - the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being.  Stimulants LO 4.8 Stimulants and depressants Stimulants - drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system. – Amphetamines – drugs that are synthesized (made in labs) rather than found in nature. – Cocaine – natural drug; produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure. – Nicotine - active ingredient in tobacco.  Stimulants LO 4.8 Stimulants and depressants Stimulants - drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system. – Caffeine - the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over-the-counter drugs.  Nicotine LO 4.8 Stimulants and depressants The harmful effects of nicotine are now well known, but many people continue to smoke or chew tobacco in spite of warnings.  Depressants LO 4.8 Stimulants and depressants Depressants - drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system. – Barbituates – depressant drugs that have a sedative effect. – Benzodiazepines - drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress. – Rohypnol – the "date rape" drug.  Alcohol LO 4.8 Stimulants and depressants Alcohol - the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter. – Often confused as a stimulant but actually a depressant on CNS. Table 4.5 (continued) Blood Alcohol Level and Behavior Associated With Amounts of Alcohol  Narcotics LO 4.9 Dangers of narcotics, hallucinogens and marijuana Narcotics – A class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins.  Opium - substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.  Morphine - narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.  Heroin - narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.  Hallucinogens LO 4.9 Dangers of narcotics, hallucinogens and marijuana Psychogenic drugs – Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.  Hallucinogens - drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.  LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) - powerful synthetic hallucinogen.  PCP - synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.  Hallucinogens LO 4.9 Dangers of narcotics, hallucinogens and marijuana Psychogenic drugs – Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.  MDMA (Ecstasy or X) - designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects.  Stimulatory hallucinogenics – drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.  Mescaline - natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.  Hallucinogens LO 4.9 Dangers of narcotics, hallucinogens and marijuana Psychogenic drugs – Drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.  Psilocybin - natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms.  Marijuana LO 4.9 Dangers of narcotics, hallucinogens and marijuana Marijuana (pot or weed) - mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant. – This woman is preparing a cannabis (marijuana) cigarette. Cannabis is reported to relieve pain in cases of multiple sclerosis and chronic pain from nerve damage. Such use is controversial as cannabis is classified as an illegal drug in some countries.  Hallucinations LO 4.10 What are hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations Hypnogogic hallucinations Hypnopompic hallucinations