IoT Lecture 1 - Internet of Things

# Internet of Things I ## Lecture 1 - Internet of Things I Course **Lecturer:** Mayar Mostafa **Contact:** [email protected] ## Welcome! This course will share knowledge about the Internet of Things (IoT), a rapidly growing field. ## Grading! The grading system is based on the...

# Internet of Things I ## Lecture 1 - Internet of Things I Course **Lecturer:** Mayar Mostafa **Contact:** [email protected] ## Welcome! This course will share knowledge about the Internet of Things (IoT), a rapidly growing field. ## Grading! The grading system is based on the following components: * **Year Work** (Tutorial, Attendance, Assignment...etc): 10 Marks * **Final Project**: 10 Marks * **Practical**: 10 Marks * **Midterm**: 20 Marks * **Final Exam**: 50 Marks ## 01 - Internet of Things ### General Introduction, What is IoT? **Introduction:** * In our daily lives, the practice of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) plays a vital role in the development of information societies. * In developed countries, ICT is being employed to develop innovative applications and services to address the challenges of sustainable societies, improving the quality of lives. * In the modern era, a plethora of things are being connected to each other using underlying network technologies with an aim to promote the paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT). **Internet of Things:** * IoT is a network of uniquely identifiable connected things (devices, objects, and items) offering intelligent computing services. * Things in IoT are known as Smart Things that provide feasibility in performing the execution of daily life operations in a rational way. * Moreover, IoT positively assists the communication process among human beings. * IoT comprises diversified technologies including pervasive computing, sensor technology, embedded systems, communication technologies, sensor networking, Internet protocols, etc. These technologies underpin the economic growth of modern societies. * The fundamental notion behind IoT is ubiquitous connectivity among things and human beings. **As and Cs Concept in the IoT:** * The basic idea of IoT can be conceived as a representation of various 'As' and 'Cs': * **Any Time** * **Any Thing** * **Any Device:** Computing * **Any Business:** Collection * **Any Where** * **Any Network:** Connectivity * **Any Context:** Convergence **Thing as a new dimension to endorse IoT:** * IoT can be seen as an addition of the third dimension named "Thing" to the plane of ICT world. * This "Thing" dimension ultimately boosts the ubiquitquity by enabling new forms of communication between humans and things. ## 02 - IoT Concept ### Evolution of IoT Concept * The concept of ubiquitous computing through smart devices dates back to the early 1980s when a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University was connected to the Internet and able to report its inventory of cold drinks. * Similarly, Mark Weiser provided the contemporary vision of IoT in 1991 using the terminologies of ubiquitous computing and pervasive computing. * Raji in 1994 elaborated the concept of home appliance automation to entire factories. * In 1999, Bill Joy presented frameworks wherein device-to-device communication could be formed. * In the same year, the term "Internet of Things" was promoted by Kevin Ashton during his work on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) infrastructure at the Auto-ID Center of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). **Technological Progression in IoT:** * The evolution of IoT with reference to the technological progress in Internet conception: * **Pre-Internet:** Telephone (SMS) * **Internet of Contents:** WWW * **Internet of Services:** Web 2.0 * **Internet of People:** Social Web * **IoT:** M2M, WSN, WoT * The typical Internet introduced in the early 1990s was only concerned with the generation of static and dynamic contents on the World Wide Web (WWW). * Large-scale production and enterprise-level business collaborations initiated the creation of web services which laid the foundation of Web 2.0. * The proliferation of affordable smartphones and tablets led to social network apps becoming dominant on the Internet. * Advancements in embedded systems, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and Web of Things (WoT) technology enabled the communication of things over the Internet. ## 03 - IoT Vision ### IoT as Convergence of Three Visions * The IoT vision can be understood as a convergence of three visions: * **Things-oriented vision:** This vision encompasses the advancements of all technologies related to the notion of "Smart Things". * **Internet-centric vision:** This vision involves the advancement of network technologies to establish the connection of interactive smart things with the storage, integration, and management of generated data. * **Semantic-oriented vision:** This vision provides a solution to deal with a huge amount of data generated by IoT devices. * Based on these views, the IoT system can be seen as a dynamic distributed network of smart things to produce, store, and consume the required information. * The IoT vision demands significant advances in different fields of ICT, such as: * Digital identification technology * Communication technology * Networking technology * Computing technology * Distribution system technology **IoT as Convergence of Three Visions:** * **Things Oriented Vision:** RFID, NFC, Sensor, Things Communication (IP for Smart Devices), Smart Objects * **Internet Oriented Vision:** Ad hoc Networks, Web of Things, Smart-Semantic Middleware * **Semantic Oriented Vision:** AI Technologies, Learning Technologies, Reasoning over Data * **Things-oriented vision** at the initial level promotes the idea of things network through unique identifiable Electronic Product Code (EPC). The things-oriented vision is evolved into smart sensor networks. * **Internet-oriented vision**, Internet Protocol for Smart Object (IPSO) communities is formed to realize the challenging task of smart sensor communication. Considering unique identification through Internet Protocol (IP) addressing, IPSO communities are working for the interoperability of smart things to IP protocol technologies. * **Finally, Semantic-oriented vision** provides the solution to deal with the huge amount of data generated by IoT devices. The architectural layers and associated protocols have been structured. ## 04 - IoT Definition ### IoT Definitions Presented by Different Standard Organizations * It is not easy to provide a precise definition for IoT, considering the convergence of three distinct visions. * In simple words, IoT could be viewed as a system wherein "things" are connected in such a manner that they can interact intelligently with each other and humans. * To better comprehend IoT, a number of standard organizations and development bodies have provided their own definitions. **Institute of Electronic and Electric Engineering (IEEE):** " The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework in which all things have a representation and a presence in the Internet. The IoT aims at offering new applications and services bridging the physical and virtual worlds. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications represents the baseline communication that enables the interactions between Things and applications in the Cloud." **Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS):** "System where the Internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors." **National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST):** "Cyber Physical systems (CPS), sometimes referred to as the Internet of Things (IOT), involves connecting smart devices and systems in diverse sectors like transportation, energy, manufacturing and healthcare in new ways. Smart Cities/Communities adopt CPS/IoT technologies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of their operations and improve the quality of life." **International Standard Organization (ISO):** "It is an infrastructure of interconnected objects, people, systems, and information resources together with intelligent services to allow them to process information of the physical and the virtual world and react." **Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF):** "In the vision of IoT, "things" are varied, such as computers, sensors, people, actuators, refrigerators, TVs, vehicles, mobile phones, clothes, food, medicines, books, etc. These things are classified into three scopes: people, machines (sensors, actuators, etc.) and information (clothes, food, medicine, books, etc.). These things should be identified by one unique way of identification for the capability of addressing and communicating and verifying their identities. If the "thing" is identified, it is called the "object"." **International Telecommunications Unit (ITU):** "IoT is a type of network that is available anywhere, anytime, by anything and anyone." ## 05 - IoT Characteristics ### IoT Basic Characteristics * There are several key characteristics that are common to IoT systems: * **Sensor Data Collection, Storage, and Processing:** These are distributed sensors or smart things that gather observation of the physical environment/entity and direct to the Cloud for storage and analytics, ultimately improving business workflows. * **Connectivity:** IoT has made possible the interconnectivity of physical and virtual things with the help of the Internet and the global communication infrastructure. * **Device Heterogeneity and Intelligence:** The interoperability of devices with the provisioning of ambient intelligence at the hardware/software level supports intelligent interactions. * **Scalability:** The plethora of IoT devices shifts human interactions to device interactions. * **Security:** The security paradigm must be implemented at the network level and at the end-device level to ensure data security. ## 06 - Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT ### The Pros and Cons Associated with Developed and Upcoming IoT Systems **Advantages:** * **Enhanced comfort and convenience:** Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) applications improve the quality of life. * **Device-to-device interactions** provide better efficiency in terms of fast reception of accurate results. * **Automation of daily activities:** provides a better quality of services. * **Optimum utilization of resources:** saves money. **Disadvantages:** * **Interoperability and compatibility:** of heterogeneous devices in IoT systems can be challenging. * **The complexity of IoT-based systems** can result in more failures. * **The adoption of IoT-based systems in the industrial sector** can lead to increased unemployment. * **Ubiquitous and pervasive nature of IoT systems** can lead to increased risks of data security and privacy. ## THANKS! Do you have any questions?