Introduction to the Health Care System.pdf

PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Psychological and Emotional includes the ability to HEALTH VERSUS WELLNESS adapt...

PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Psychological and Emotional includes the ability to HEALTH VERSUS WELLNESS adapt and cope with changes with their willingness and motivation to participate in health and wellness Disease is a health problem that consists of a activities. Emotional health refers to the feeling physiological malfunction that results in an actual or component. potential reduction in physical capacities and/or reduces life expectancy. Behavioural includes the choices in terms of their behaviour and lifestyle choices. Health is the state of complete mental, physical, and social well being not merely the absence of disease Health Systems includes the availability, or infirmity. accessibility, and affordability of health care and health-related resources and services that meet their Healthy Life Expectancy is the average number of health related needs. years that a newborn can expect to live in “full health”. Physical Environment includes factors and forces in the external environment that positively or Illness is an interpreted undesirable state of health. negatively impact health. Population Health refers to the health of the Environmental Health refers to the appreciation of population as measured by health status indicators – nature and the external environment and the role social, economic, individual capacity, gender, individuals play in preserving, protecting, and culture, etc. improving environmental conditions. Public Health is the science and art of preventing Physical Health is the absence of disease and disease, health surveillance, promoting health disability. through the organized efforts of society. Mental Health / Psychological Health may include Sickness is a social identity that is determined by emotional health. The subjective sense of well-being poor health or health problems of an individual. Social Health is the ability to interact effectively with Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of other people and the social environment. and making choices towards a higher level of well being. Spiritual Health refers to the ability to understand and express one’s purpose in life. DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS Emotional Health concerns the ability to express Biophysical includes physical risk factors for feeling and to develop and sustain relationships disease and illnesses. Sexual Health is the acceptance and ability to Socio-Cultural includes social forces such as achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality. socioeconomic status & support system. Also Intellectual Health reflects the level of cognition consists of beliefs, practices, and values. Social and their abilities to solve healthcare problems health refers to the ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships. PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Occupational Health includes the ability to balance characteristics, behavioural factors, and their work with their personal and social lives and social conditions. associated roles and responsibilities. 4. Salutogenic focuses on how and why people stay well. Financial Health describes the state of a person’s 5. Health Education includes three main personal financial situation. categories Academic Wellness is the satisfaction in your a. Behavioural Change Model is a program, performance in classes, relationships with preventive approach and focuses on instructors, and progress toward graduation. lifestyle behaviours that impact on health b. Self-Empowerment / THE HEALTH CONTINUUM Self-Actualization Model seeks to Health Care is the prevention, treatment, and develop the ability to control their own management of illness and the preservation of health status as far as possible within mental and physical well-being through the services their environment. offered by the medical and allied health c. Collective Action Model is a professionals. socio-ecological approach that takes account of the interrelationship Health Care Delivery is rendering health care between the individual and the services to the people environment. Signs refer to the objectivity of disease (measurable Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO, or what health provider can observe) 1986) provided much of the impetus for the change to using a socio-ecological approach for health Symptoms refer to the subjectivity of the disease education and health promotion. These are five key (something felt by the patient) strategies to enhance public health: Cure comes from the Latin word “Cura” which 1. Creation of Supportive Environments means care. 2. Development of Personal Skills Care means providing for the welfare of another. It 3. Strengthening of Community Action involves the profound respect for the “otherness” of 4. Building of Healthy Public Policies the other. 5. Reorientation of Health Services MODELS OF HEALTH CARE LEVELS OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 1. Biomedical focuses on the physical and Patient-level Factors comprise characteristics of biological aspects of diseases. the individual such as knowledge, self-efficacy, and 2. Social attempts to address the broader attitudes. It also incorporates the developmental influences on health rather than disease and history of the individual. injury. 3. Biopsychosocial views health and illness behaviours as products of biological PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Micro-level Factors encompass factors related to interpersonal or face-to-face relationships with health care professionals. Meso-level Factors refer to the practice patterns or characteristics of the health care organization where the patient is being treated. Macro-level Factors include the characteristics of the health care system in which a patient live. ACHIEVING OPTIMAL HEALTH 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Achieving Optimal Health – Module 2 3. Attack rate is an incidence rate that is calculated in an epidemic situation using a HEALTH INDICATORS particular population observed for a limited period of time. Health Status Indicators – mortality by age, sex 4. Mortality rate measures the rate of death and cause, core morbidity, and fertility indicators 5. Case-fatality rate predicts the risk of dying if the disease is contracted. Risk Factors – nutrition, environmental, behavioural, 6. Year of Life with Disability (YLD) measures injuries, and violence years of healthy life lost due to living in a Service Coverage – reproductive, maternal, state of less than full health. newborn, child and adolescent, immunization, HIV, 7. Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY) TB, malaria, NTDs, NCDs, mental health and represents the total number of years lost to substance abuse. illness, disability, or premature death within a given population. Health Systems – health facility density and 8. Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) years of distribution, health workforce, health information, life of reasonable quality a person might gain and quality and safety of care, health security as a result of treatment. capacity Vital Statistics refers to the registration or recording of vital events such as birth, deaths, fatal deaths, MEASUREMENTS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES: abortions, marriages, and divorces. TYPES OF MEASURES Quantitative Measurements DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 1. Counts are the number of cases of a disease - Income and Social Status – higher income or other health phenomenon under study. and social status are linked to better health. 2. Ratio is the expression of the relationship - Education – low education levels are linked between two items. with poor health, more stress and lower 3. Proportion is the expression of the self-confidence. relationship of one part of the whole. - Physical Environment – safe water and 4. Rate is the expression of the probability of clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, occurrence of a particular event in a defined communities and roads population during a specified period of time. - Social Support Networks – greater support 5. Index is used when the true denominator or from families, friends and communities is population at risk cannot be determined. linked to better health. Culture - customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and Specific Measurements community all affect health. 1. Natality rates measures the rate of birth - Genetics – plays a part in determining 2. Morbidity rates measures the rate of illness lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses. ACHIEVING OPTIMAL HEALTH 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System - Health Services – access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health - Gender – men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages. HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (HIA) Is a systematic process that uses an array of data and sources and analytic methods and considers input from stakeholders to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, program, or project on the health of a population. Provides recommendations on monitoring and managing those effects. PROCEDURES FOR HIA: 1. Screening determines whether a proposal is likely to have affecting health. 2. Scoping establishes the scope of health effects that will be included in the HIA 3. Assessment involves a two-step process that first describes the baseline health status of the affected population and then assess potential impacts. 4. Recommendation suggests design alternatives that could be implemented to improve health or actions that could be taken to manage the health effects. 5. Reporting documents and presents the findings and recommendations to stakeholders and decision-making. 6. Monitoring can include monitoring of the adoption and implementation of HIA recommendations and evaluation can address the process, impact, or outcomes of an HIA. CHOICES FOR CHANGE: A HEALTHY DECISION 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System 3. Reinforcing Factors: reward or INFLUENCES OF HEALTH reinforce the desired behaviour change. Individual Behaviour is believed to be a major determinant of good health. BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ON - Improved quality of life (increased BEHAVIOUR CHANGE life span) - Greater energy levels and increased Belief is an appraisal of the relationship capacity for having fun between some object, action, or idea and - A stronger immune system (ability to some attribute of that object, action, idea. fight infections) These are assumptions and convictions we - Improved self-confidence, hold to be true based on past experiences. self-concept, self-esteem - Enhanced relationship with others Attitude is a relatively stable set of beliefs, due to better communication feelings, and behaviour tendencies in - Ability to control and manage stress relating to something or someone. This - Reduced reliance on health care arises out of core values and beliefs we - Improve cardiovascular functioning hold internally. - Improved physical performance Values are worthy ideas based on things, - Positive outlook in life concepts, and people. - Improved environmental sensitivity - Enhanced spiritual health Behaviours are how these internalised systems (attitudes, beliefs, values) are HEALTH STATUS expressed. Is the sum of the positive and negative influences on a person’s health & well-being HEALTH BEHAVIOUR & LITERACY Health Behaviour is defined as those FACTORS INFLUENCING personal attributes such as beliefs, BEHAVIOUR CHANGE DECISIONS expectations, motives, values, perceptions, and other cognitive elements. 1. Predisposing Factors: factors that may predispose us to certain Preventive Health Behaviour is any conditions including our age, sex, activity for the purpose of preventing or race, income, family background, detecting illness in an asymptomatic state. educational background, and access to health care. Illness Behaviour is the activity to first 2. Enabling Factors: the accessible define the state of health and then to facilities that make health decisions discover a suitable remedy. more convenient or difficult. Sick-Role Behaviour is activity for the purpose of getting well. CHOICES FOR CHANGE: A HEALTHY DECISION 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Immediate Factors that affect health relate BEHAVIOUR CHANGE TECHNIQUE to starvation, lack of access to water, exposure to infectious diseases, inadequate 1. Shaping is a series of small steps to treatment by health services, accidents, get to a particular goal gradually. and violence. Starting slowly, keeping steps small Basic Factors are related to lack of food and achievable, being flexible and security and water, unsafe working ready to change, refusing to skip conditions. steps. 2. Visualizing / Imagined Rehearsal Underlying Causes are those major cutting is the practicing through mental issues such as the shape of the economy, imagery that helps to become better environment, human rights, gender, issues, in performing an event in actuality. education, and agriculture. 3. Modeling is through careful observation of other people. Health Literacy is the degree to which 4. Controlling the Situation / individuals have the capacity to obtain, Situational Inducement is an process, and understand basic health attempt to influence a behaviour by information and services needed to make using situations and occasions that appropriate health decisions. are structured to exert control over Individual Behaviour is a major that behaviour. determinant of good health. 5. Positive Reinforcement is presenting something positive as a HEALTH BELIEF MODEL AS reward for that behaviour. Can be consumables, activity, possessional, PREDICTOR OF PREVENTIVE or manipulative. HEALTH BEHAVIOUR 6. Changing Self-Talk the way you think and talk to yourself Health Belief Model (HBM) indicates that a person changes their behaviour once it is influenced by an evaluation of its feasibility MAKING RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS and its benefits. Belief influences behaviour. State the Situation by considering all the The model defines the key factors that health information and who else is involved. influence health behaviours as an individual’s perceived threat to sickness or List the Options are the possible choices disease (perceived susceptibility) belief of you could make. consequence (perceived severity), potential positive benefits of action (perceived Weigh the Possible Outcomes by benefits), perceived barriers to action, knowing if they’re healthful, ethical, legal, or exposure to factors that prompt action approved by parents. (cues to action) and confidence in ability to succeed (self-efficacy) CHOICES FOR CHANGE: A HEALTHY DECISION 1st Semester | Introduction to the Health Care System Consider Values to help guide your way of living Make a Decision and Act on It by carefully preparing and thinking about the situation and your options. Evaluate the Decision by thinking if it had any consequences that may affect your health and the health of those around you.