Introduction to Psychology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Cristine Aira Salandanan ( Reviewer )  A stimulus that through learning has come to evoke a conditioned response. REFLEX  Refers to a...

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Cristine Aira Salandanan ( Reviewer )  A stimulus that through learning has come to evoke a conditioned response. REFLEX  Refers to any enduring change in the way an Conditioned Response (CR) organism responds based on its experience  It is a response that has been learned.  “ automatic reaction” or ginagawa ng kusa Generalization CLASSICAL CONDITIONING  It is tendency for a stimulus that is similar to  Ivan Pavlov the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a  It is the process in which an automatic, response that is similar to the conditioned conditioned response is paired with response. specific stimuli.  Nagiging general siya na akala ng aso lahat ng bell is food Discrimination  Occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others.  Ineexpect natin na kung ako yung naexperience natin ganon din sa iba. Inaasume natin na same lang yung Unconditioned Reflex magiging response.  Occurs naturally without any prior learning Extinction Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  refers to a procedure in which a conditioned  Produce the response in an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without reflex the unconditioned stimulus and, as a result, the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer Unconditioned Response (UCR) elicit the conditioned response.  Response that does not have to be learned  Since paulit paulit yung neutral stimulus at puro yun nalang nawawala na yung effect Neutral Stimulus so hindi na siya nag reresponse like before  Paired with the unconditioned stimulus Spontaneous Recovery Conditioning  Tendency for the conditioned response to  Form of learning reappear after being extinguished even  though there have been no further  Nagdedecrease yung action mo na yon since conditioning trials. everytime na gagawin mo yun mas lalo  Bigla bigla nalang bumabalik lang napapagalitan o nalalala lang  Example nito ay yung bike kahit di kana nagbibike pag pinahawak ka ng bike Negative Punishment maalam ka parin  It occurs when the behavior is followed by the removal of favorable stimulus OPERANT CONDITIONING  May tinanggal na sayo so in that way yung  B.F Skinner ( Burrhus Fredirick Skinner) behavior mo na yon is mag dedecrease para  Edward Thorndlike Continuous (CRF)  Occurs when reinforcement is given after every single desired behavior.  Continious yung magandang behavior kase may nakukuha ka Intermittent (INT)  Occurs when reinforcement is given after some behavior but never after ecah one. Positive Reinforcement  It is occur when the behavior is followed by Fixed Ratio a favorable stimulus.  A fixed number of response must be made  May reward ka na nakukuha kaya before the reward is administered. pinagpapatuloy mo.  Fixed to means isang pindot sa button isang food rin Negative Reinforcement  It occurs when the behavior is followed by Variable Ratio the removal of aversive/ unfavorable  The number of responses determines the stimulus. delivery of reinforcement; but the ratio  Pinagpapatuloy mo kase nababawasan o changes from reinforcement to inaavoid mo yung mangyayare if ever na di reinforcement mo yun ginawa  Unpredictable to so kahit pindutin mo yung button ng paulit ulit random lalabas yung Positive Punishment food.  It occurs when the behavior is followed by unfavorable/ aversive stimulus. Fixed Interval nakita mona pinalo siya so ikaw hindi mo  The reinforcement will be delivered after papakialaman yon para di ka mapalo specified passage of time.  Fixed naman yung time dito like kahit Memory pindutin mo yung button ng paulit ulit  Ability to retain information over time kung naka fixed naman to na every 30seconds lang maglalabas ng food edi Hippocampus every 30 seconds lang  Search engine of the brain Variable Interval TYPES OF MEMORY  The length of time is varied or unspecified before the delivery of the reinforment Long - Term Memory  Unpredictable naman yung amount of time  Involves the storage and recall of nito like yung sa jeep if maaga napuno edi information over a long period of time mas maaga aalis pero if hindi mas matatagalan basta hindi siya fixed Short - Term Memory  Capacity to store small amount of COGNITIVE SOCIAL THEORY information in the mind  Propose that individuals learn many things from people around them with or without LONG TERM MEMORY reinforcement through social learning mechanism other than classical and operant Implicit Memory conditioning.  Motor skills without conscious  Authomatic ALBERT BANDURA  Refers to memory without consciou  Observational Learning / Observational Theory Explicit Memory  Bobo Doll Experiment  Refers to concious remembering of facts  Nagagaya ng bata kung ano yung nakikita and experiences satin / modeling  Need mo pa alalahanin Vicarious Conditioning EXPLICIT MEMORY  Person learns the consequences of an action by observing its consequences for someone Semantic Memory else.  Facts and information  Observing. Example neto ay napalo kuya Episodic Memory mo kase nakiaalam ng cellphone since  Involves event Amnesia  Entails memory loss  Often due to brain damage/ surgical removal of thenparts of the brain due to extreme epilepsy or other medical issues. Anterograde Amnesia  No new memories after the onset of amnesia  Past lang ang naaalala mo yung mga panahon pa ng hapon HAHAHAHA Retrograde Amnesia  Loss of memories acquired prior to the onset of amnesia  New information lang naalala mo  Present lang naalala mo nakalimutan mong may girlfriend ka tas nalandi ka pa HAHAHAH