Introduction to Industrial Processing PDF

Pharmaceutical Technology I Lecture I Prof. Omaima Sammour Professor of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy Industrial processing is the movement of pharmaceutical preparations from the individual dispenser ( small - scale ) to the large-scale manufacturer  Reasons for incr...

Pharmaceutical Technology I Lecture I Prof. Omaima Sammour Professor of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy Industrial processing is the movement of pharmaceutical preparations from the individual dispenser ( small - scale ) to the large-scale manufacturer  Reasons for increasing large- scale manufacturing Batches: 1) Economic Reasons: As the scale of manufacturing batches increases, the cost of production decreases, why? A- Fewer manual methods are employed B- Mechanical equipment for processing are used, Therefore, Efficiency increases 2) Accuracy: - The accuracy of measurements increases when larger quantities of materials are involved 3) Greater scope: - It impossible to prepare many medicaments on a small scale due to their complex processing e.g. antibiotic production is feasible only on a large scale - Furthermore, large organizations can maintain staff & facilities for research and development of new products  Break Down of Processes: A large pharmaceutical factory seems to be both complex & confusing but the full manufacturing process can be broken down to a number of stages  Flow sheets for the manufacture of a number of pharmaceutical products are shown in the following figures  Materials entering or leaving the process or moving from stage to stage are indicated by arrows  Analysis of the lists will show that the operations involved are as follows:  Since individual operations make up the whole, the title Unit Operations is used  Basis of Unit Operations: All unit operations involve and are controlled by one or more of the following: 1- Fluid transfer 2- Heat transfer 3- Mass transfer  Fluid transfer: - the term fluid ( liquid, vapor or gas) - unit operations may employ movement of a fluid through pipes or between particles (e.g. fluid flow, mixing liquids & mixing solids and liquids Heat transfer: - many unit operations involve heating (e.g. evaporation & drying)  Mass transfer: heat transfer is concerned with the movement of energy but mass transfer involves the movement of material from one phase to another e.g. in drying a wet solid, the liquid is converted to vapour which is carried away