Introduction to Human Reproduction and Development PDF

Introduction to Human Reproduction and Development Jade O. Hizon, MSc, LPT  Lecture’s Outline 01 02 03 Introduction to Brief History of Key Developmental Developmental Developmental Biol...

Introduction to Human Reproduction and Development Jade O. Hizon, MSc, LPT  Lecture’s Outline 01 02 03 Introduction to Brief History of Key Developmental Developmental Developmental Biology Processes Biology Question-Type Discussion  Lecture’s Outline 01 02 03 Introduction to Brief History of Key Developmental Developmental Developmental Biology Processes Biology  Introduction to Developmental Biology What is Dev Bio? What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology Developmental biology, as defined by Barresi & Gilbert (2020), as relatively slow process of progressive change. It also includes the study of regenerative processes, such as those seen in certain animal species that can regenerate lost limbs, and the study of the cellular and molecular basis of development. What is Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The field intersects with various disciplines, including genetics, molecular biology, and evolutionary biology, highlighting its broad relevance. What is Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology Fundamental Questions What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology According to Barresi & Gilbert (2020), developmental biology tackles two major objectives: (1) establishing cellular diversity and order within an organism, and (2) ensuring life's continuity across generations. What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of differentiation What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of pattern formation What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of morphogenesis What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of growth What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of reproduction What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of regeneration What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of environmental integration What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio? Introduction to Developmental Biology The question of evolution What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio?  Introduction to Developmental Biology What is Dev Bio? What are the fundamental questions in Dev Bio?  Lecture’s Outline 01 02 03 Introduction to Brief History of Key Developmental Developmental Developmental Biology Processes Biology  Brief History of Developmental Biology How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (16th -17th Centuries) Homunculus- fully-formed miniature human thought to be present within reproductive cells. “little man” Preformationism- theory that reproductive cells contain pre-formed adult individuals. Growth = Development How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology Some people took the homunculus concept to the extreme by postulating that even the homunculus contain its own reproductive cells. Russian Doll How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology However, there are biologists during that time who raised objections to preformationism theory and favored alternative models. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology Epigenesis- theory that individuals acquire their final form through series of progressive changes. Aristotle, the first embryologist known to history performed a simple procedure of cracking open a chick egg on each successive day of its 3-week incubation. This provides a remarkable experience as a thin band of cells is seen to give rise to an entire bird. Aristotle Aristotle noted the formation of the major (384 BC – 322 BC) organs. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology Eventually, what do you think happen with the idea of homunculus and the preformationism theory? How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology What theory do we accept today that explains development? How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology Support for Epigenesis 1. All organisms are made up of cells. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology Support for Epigenesis 2. Sperm and Egg are individual cells. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (18tth -19th Centuries- Classic Embryology ) The study of animal development has traditionally been called embryology, from that stage of an organism that exists between fertilization and birth. The discipline is very descriptive in nature. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (18tth -19th Centuries- Classic Embryology ) Embryologists like Karl Ernst von Baer made significant contributions to the field. Von Baer’s laws of embryology, formulated in the early 19th century, described how embryos of different species resemble each other in early stages but diverge as development proceeds. This idea was crucial for understanding evolutionary relationships and the concept of common descent. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (18tth -19th Centuries- Classic Embryology ) Heinz Christian Pander, who discovered the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) in chick embryos. Pander’s discovery was fundamental for understanding how different tissues and organs develop from these germ layers How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (20th -21st Centuries- Developmental Biology) Molecular Biology revolution, discovery of the structure of DNA and cracking of the genetic code From descriptive to mechanistic understanding of development (How do developmental processes occurs?) Genetics and Genetic Tools How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (20th -21st Centuries- Developmental Biology) Key Advances in the Molecular Era Discovery of DNA as the Hereditary Material. Structure of DNA. Cracking the Genetic Code. Developmental Genetics. How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years? Brief History of Developmental Biology History of the Field (20th -21st Centuries- Developmental Biology) How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Brief History of Developmental Biology How were the principles of Developmental Biology developed throughout the years?  Lecture’s Outline 01 02 03 Introduction to Brief History of Key Developmental Developmental Developmental Biology Processes Biology  Key Developmental Processes What are the major developmental processes? How does Developmental Biology related to Human Reproduction? Key Developmental Processes Epigenesis What are the major developmental processes?  Key Developmental Processes 1. Generation of the reproductive cells: Gametogenesis 2. Fusion of sperm and egg: Fertilization 3. Cell Division (mitosis): Embryonic Cleavages 4. Generation of diverse cell type: Cell fate specification Differentiation 5. Tissue Organization (patterning): Axis Specification Gastrulation Organogenesis 6. Post-embryonic Development: Metamorphosis Regeneration Aging Key Developmental Processes Human Development What are the major developmental processes? Key Developmental Processes Key Developmental Processes Developmental Biology is closely related to human reproduction as it elucidates the intricate processes underlying the formation and growth of a new human life. It provides essential knowledge that aids in understanding the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that guide embryonic development and the eventual formation of a functional organism. How does Developmental Biology related to Human Reproduction? Key Developmental Processes Throughout this course, developmental biology concepts will be employed to enhance comprehension of human reproductive processes, offering a comprehensive understanding of how life begins and develops. How does Developmental Biology related to Human Reproduction?  Key Developmental Processes What are the major developmental processes? How does Developmental Biology related to Human Reproduction?  Lecture’s Outline 01 02 03 Introduction to Brief History of Key Developmental Developmental Developmental Biology Processes Biology Thank you!  Group Activity (Forced Analogy) As a group, present the key developmental stages by coming up with an object/s to symbolize each period or stage of development. Create a Powerpoint Presentation which you will show to the class next meeting. The presenter will be picked though “Wheel of Names”.  Key Developmental Processes 1. Generation of the reproductive cells: Gametogenesis 2. Fusion of sperm and egg: Fertilization 3. Cell Division (mitosis): Embryonic Cleavages 4. Generation of diverse cell type: Cell fate specification Differentiation 5. Tissue Organization (patterning): Axis Specification Gastrulation Organogenesis 6. Post-embryonic Development: Metamorphosis Regeneration Aging