Introduction to Growth and Development PDF

HUMAN GROWTH &DEVELOPMENT  GENERAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to discuss growth and development of human. Specific Objectives: Identify the importance of growth and development. Define growth and development. Mention the princ...

HUMAN GROWTH &DEVELOPMENT  GENERAL OBJECTIVE: By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to discuss growth and development of human. Specific Objectives: Identify the importance of growth and development. Define growth and development. Mention the principles of growth and development. List factors affecting growth and development. Mention types of growth and development. Identify the stages of development.  INTRODUCTION HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT As a child gets bigger, there are changes in shape and in tissue composition and distribution. In most tissues, growth consists both of the formation of new cells and the packing in of more protein or other material into cells that present development (cell division). The process of growing and developing begins on the cellular level even from conception and continues throughout life until death  INTRODUCTION HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The scientific community divides human growth into stages according to age and assesses human growth and development through this stages Human stages of growth and development are differentiated by age and final skills Most human stages of growth and development occur in infancy, childhood and adolescence.  II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (INTRODUCTION): There is no doubt that primitive man has wondered and thought in the beginning stages of growth of the embryo stage. Akhenaten had tried to expose the life of the fetus in its development. It is worth mentioning that the Arabs divided the growth stages that begin fetus Pre and Al-Futtaim and toddler (If the drawer and walked) and the five-year (and if his teeth fell deciduous) And (if eruption of permanent teeth) and if almost exceeding 10 years) and adult teenager (If the puberty reached). the birth of human development as a practical science in 1862 when society in this era was in the transition from agricultural to industrial 0 society to enhance individuals’ and families’ healthy development over the lifespan. The Qur'an has told us that the first phase has a certain fixed and definite term within which it reaches its apex of development. Then it is terminated through birth (by delivery). But in much more detailed terms the following Ayaat further describes these two broad stages ‫بسم ا) الرحمن الرحيم‬ 0  DEFINITIONS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth Increase in physical size of a whole body or any of its parts, or an increase in number and size of cells Development a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function.  GROWTH Growth refers to an increase in physical size of the whole body or any of its parts. It is simply a quantitative change in the child’s body. It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, ….. etc  DEVELOPMENT A continuous, orderly series of conditions that leads to activities, new motives for activities, and patterns of behavior It is a qualitative change in the individual's functioning. It can be measured through observation. Rates in development vary. Development continues throughout the individual's life span It includes psychological, emotional and social changes.  GOALS OF STUDYING G & D: 1. Know what to expect of a particular child at any given age. 2- Help the nurse to observe and judge the child in terms of norms for specific level of development 3.Important to understand the reason for particular condition and illness, which occur in various age groups. 4. Help the nurse in formulating the plan for total care 5. Help the nurse in teaching mothers how to use such knowledge in order that might help their own children to achieve optimal growth and development. 0  PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT There is a set of principles that characterizes the pattern and process of growth and development. These principles or characteristics describe typical development as a predictable and orderly process; that is, we can predict how most children will develop and that they will develop at the same rate and at about the same time as other children. Although there are individual differences in children’s personalities, activity levels, and timing of developmental signs, such as ages and stages, the principles and characteristics of development are universal patterns.  Principles of Growth and Development Growth and development are continuous, orderly and sequential processes Growth and development are influenced by environmental and genetic factors All humans follow the same pattern of growth and development The sequence of each stage is predictable although the time of onset, the length of the stage and the effects of each stage vary with the person Each developmental stage has its own characteristic  PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 1. G & D related directions :- b) Cephalo-caudal(head down to toes) c) Proximodistal (center of the body to the peripheral) d) General to specific e) Simple to complix 2. Rates and patterns of growth are specific to certain parts of the body. 3. Wide individual differences exist in growth rates. 4. Growth and development are influences by a maturation and learning and some factors.  G & D RELATED DIRECTIONS CEPHALOCAUDLE PRINCIPLE FROM THE HEAD DOWNWARD. This principle describes the direction of growth and development. According to this principle, the child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs. Infants develop control of the head and face movements within the first two months after birth. In the next few months, they are able to lift themselves up by using their arms. By 6 to 12 months of age, infants start to gain leg control and may be able to crawl, stand, or walk. Coordination of arms always precedes coordination of legs.  PROXIMODISTAL FROM THE CENTER OF THE BODY OUTWARD Also describes the direction of growth & development. This means that the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body. The child’s arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes. DIRECTION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT  PROCEEDS FROM THE SIMPLE TO THE MORE COMPLEX Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems. For example, learning relationships between things (how things are similar), or classification, is an important ability in cognitive development. Growth and development proceed from the general to specific In motor development, the infant will be able to grasp an object with the whole hand before using only the thumb and forefinger. The infant’s first motor movements are very generalized, undirected, and reflexive, waving arms or kicking before being able to reach or creep toward an object. Growth occurs from large muscle movements to more refined (smaller) muscle movements.  GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS As a child develops, he or she adds to the skills already acquired and the new skills become the basis for further achievement and mastery of skills. Most children follow a similar pattern. Also, one stage of development lays the foundation for the next stage of development. 2. Rates of growth and development Each child is different and the rates at which individual children grow is different. Although the patterns and sequences for growth and development are usually the same for all children, the rates at which individual children reach developmental stages will be different. But there is a range of ages for any developmental task to take place.  MATURATION AND LEARNING Development depends on maturation which refers to the in order characteristic of biological growth and development. The biological changes occur in sequential order and give children new abilities. Changes in the brain and nervous system account largely for maturation. These changes in the brain and nervous system help children to improve in thinking (cognitive) and motor (physical) skills. Also, children must mature to a certain point before they can progress to new skills.  MATURATION AND LEARNING CON For example, a four-month-old cannot use language because the infant’s brain has not matured enough to allow the child to talk. By two years old, the brain has developed further, the child will have the capacity to say and understand words. The child’s environment and the learning that occurs as a result of the child’s experiences largely determine whether the child will reach optimal development. A stimulating environment and varied experiences allow a child to develop to his or her potential. CHILD GROWTH (IMAGE: WHO)  FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 1. Genetic factors 2. Fetal health 3. After birth 4. Nutrition 5. Internal environment  FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT The growth and development are positively influenced by factors, like parental health and genetic composition, even before conception. 1. Genetic factors play a primary role in growth and development. The genetic factors influencing height is substantial in the adolescence phase 2. Fetal health has a highly influential role in achieving growth and development. Any stimulus or insult during fetal development causes developmental adaptations that produce permanent changes in the latter part of life.  3. AFTER BIRTH After birth, the environmental factors may exert either a beneficial or detrimental effect on growth Socioeconomic factors: Children of higher socio-economical classes are taller than the children of the same age and sex in the lower socioeconomic groups. Urbanization has positively influenced growth. The secular trend is observed in growth where the kids grow taller and mature more rapidly than the previous generation. This secular trend is observed significantly in developed countries like North America. The family characteristics: Higher family education levels have a positive impact on growth. The inadequate emotional support and inadequate developmental stimulus, including language training, might cause growth and development deterioration. The human-made environment influences human growth and development significantly. studies have proven the relationship of pollutants in sexual maturation, obesity, and thyroid function. Developmental toxicology refers to any structural or functional alteration caused by an adverse environmental stimulus, diet or toxic chemicals, or physical factors that affect the normal development, differentiation, The developmental affect can happen from the embryonic stage to adolescence and can be passed onto the next generation.  4. NUTRITION o Malnutrition plays a detrimental role in the process of growth and development. o Deficiencies of trace minerals can affect growth and development. Iron deficiency usually affects psychomotor development and does not affect growth. Zinc deficiency might cause growth retardation and developmental delay. Selenium, iodine, manganese, and copper also play a significant role. o Growth faltering or rapid weight gain in early childhood influences health in the later part of life. The diet in early childhood has a strong association with the likelihood of obesity later in life. 'Early Protein Hypothesis' shows that lowering the protein supply during infancy helps achieve normal growth and reduce obesity in early childhood. This concept of the early protein hypothesis helps in improving the food products for children.  5. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Child’s intelligence Hormonal influences Emotions  STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Prenatal Middle Childhood o Zygote conception to 2 weeks School age o Embryonic (3 w - 8 w) - 6 to 12 years o Fetal stage (8-40 or 42 w) Late Childhood. Neonate Adolescent - Birth to end of 1 month - 13 years to approximately 18. Infancy years - 1 month to end of 1 year Early Childhood. Adult. Toddler - 20 -65 years - 1-3 years. Elderly. Preschool - 65 years to death - 3-6 years  TYPES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT As individuals pass through these life stages, main type of growth and development occur Types of growth: - BIOLOGICAL ,SENSORY , MOTOR GROWTH BIOLOGICAL GROWTH changes in general body growth: Changes results from different rates of growth in different parts of the body during stages of development. eg :- the infants head constitutes 1/4th of the entire length of the body at birth, where as the adult’s head is only 1/8th of body length. Physical growth: refers to body growth and includes height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in body organs. (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference) Physiological growth (vital signs …)  TYPES OF PHYSICAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Length or height: Some children reach adult heights in their early teens, but others continue to grow throughout late adolescence. The periods of rapid growth are infancy & puberty. Weight: Weight is influenced by all the increments in size & is probably the best gross index of nutrition & health. Head circumference: The circumference of the head is an important measurement since it is related to intracranial volume. Thoracic diameter: Chest measurements increase as the child grows & the shape of the chest changes. At birth the transverse & antero-posterior diameters are nearly equal. The transverse diameter increases more rapidly than does the antero-posterior diameter.  TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT - Motor development : depends on the maturation of the muscular, skeletal & nervous systems. The sequences of skills follow the cephalo - caudal & proximal direction. Motor development is termed as – 1. Gross motor 2. Fine motor Gross motor activities include turning, reaching, sitting, standing & walking. Fine motor development is the involvement of reflexes. The child learns to use hands & fingers for thumb apposition, palmer grasp, release and so on. - Cognitive development: refers to development of the mind and includes learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations - Emotional development: refers to feelings and includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, and other similar feelings - Social development : refers to interactions and relationships with others Each stage has its own characteristics and has specific developmental tasks that an individual must master 0 1. Prenatal period. A rapid growth rate and total dependency. Most critical and important stage of development. Mother condition determines fetal growth and development. 2.Infancy period: Rapid motor, social and cognitive development with the care giver (parent). The infant establishes a basic trust in the world. The first month of infancy is the balance period due to extra-uterine changes adaptation. 3-Early childhood: Characterized by discovery and activity. Steady motor development. Children acquire language and wide their social relationships. Gain self control and awareness of dependence & independence. Start to develop Self concept 4. Middle childhood: The child at this age goes out from the central family to establish new peer relationships with colleagues and the teacher. This period is characterized by emphasis on developing skill competencies. 5- Late child hood Adolescence period is considered to be a transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to adulthood. Secondary School graduation. Physical & emotional growth. Redefining self concept. 6- Early adulthood: The adult years are a period of fitness and ability. Unlike other developmental stages, the adult years do not have a sequence of timed physiological events. This is also true of the aging years from 65 years until death.