Introduction To Education Notes PDF

**INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION** **General Principles of Teaching** Individuality Close to far From known to unknown Simple to complex Clarity From concrete to abstract Being economical **Modern Education** **(Basic Concepts)** -Teaching -Learning - Curriculum **1.**Philosphy (P.F)...

**INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION** **General Principles of Teaching** Individuality Close to far From known to unknown Simple to complex Clarity From concrete to abstract Being economical **Modern Education** **(Basic Concepts)** -Teaching -Learning - Curriculum **1.**Philosphy (P.F) **2.**History (H.F) **3.**Psychology (P.F) **4.**Science (S.F) **Philosophical Foundations of Education** **[Philosophy]** ** Ontology (existence):**It is study of **"existence"**. ** Axiology (moral):**The study of the nature,types and criteria of values in etchics. ** Epistemology (knowledge):**The study of **"knowledge"**,distinguish between knowledge and belief. ** Aesthetics:**A theory of beauty or art. [ **Majör Schools of Philosophy** ] ** Idealism (Plato):**Reality is equivalent to mind,spirit or consciousness.(The belief that we should always strive for our highest ideals.) ** Realism (Aristo):**The reality of international politics.(Learn and teach basic skills.) ** Naturalism (Jean-Jacques Rousseou):**The belief that everything arises from natural properties and causes. ** Pragmatism:**An approach that evaluates theories and beliefs in terms of the success of their practical applocstion.(Teach skills,new solutions to new problems,change-curriculum) ** Existentialism:**The philosophical belief we are each responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives. **[Educational Philosophies]** ** Perennialism (idealism + realism):**To teach what is **"everlasting".**(Not changable skills) ** Essentialism (realism + idealism):**Assuming that people and things have natural and essential common characteristics which are **"inherent,innate and unchanging"**.(Changable skills) ** Progressivism (Pragmatism):**It is based more on **"experimental"**learning. ** Reconstructionism (Existentialism + Pragmatism):**It emphasizes the addressing of **"socical questions"** and **"quest to create a better society.** ** Constructivism (Progressivism + Pragmatism):**It says learners "**construct knowledge"** rather than just passively take in information. ** Critical Pedagogy (Marxism + Critcal theory):**Educators should encourage learners to **"examine power structures and patterns of inequality"** through on awakening of critical consciousness. **Historical Foundations of Education** [ **Asia -- Africa**] **1.Egypt** **\***Discovery of writing (3100 BC) \*Geometric calculations \*Training of officials for state affairs **2.China** \*Writing (2000 BC) \*Confucius a thinker who made teaching a profession and succeed in spreading his unique educational methods to the public.(550 BC) \*Written exam for choosing a civil servant (KPSS) \*The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit system (Liyakat in Turkish) **3.India** \*Education in the Indian subcontinent began with teaching of traditional elements such as **Indian religions,Indian mathematics\...** **\***Indian logic at early Hindu and Buddhist centers of learning such as ancient Takshashila **"The ancient University of Taxila"** and **"Nalanda"** **4.Mesopotimia** \*Sumerians \*Writing (3200 BC) \***Edubba** (to train scribes for school,temple and palace / 2000 BC) **5.Islam** \*"Read"order (610 AD) \*Quran \*Giving priority to education,companions \*Abbasids; **"Beytül Hikme"** (800 AD) / Fatimids **"Dar'ül Hikme"** (1004 AD) **6.Africa** \***"Mali"** (998 AD) \***"Sankore Madrasah"** (firstly masjid) **[Education in the West]** **1.Ancient Greek & Roman Civilizations** \*The writing from Egypt to **Mycenae** and **Crete** dates back to 1200 BC. \*Phoenician alphabet (900 BC) \*Philosophy of nature \*Sophists \*Systematic philosophy; Socrates,Plato;**Akademia** (387 BC) Aristotle;**Lyceum** (335 BC) mental,physical and moral development \*Hellenistic period (Epicurus,Stoicism etc.) (300 BC) \*Alexander the Great \*End of city states and empires (Rome) **! General Philosophy:Understanding nature** **2.Christianity** \*Augistine,Thomas of Aquina,William of Ockham ("Kilise Babaları" in Turkish) \*Christian influence in philosophy and education **! General Philosophy:Understanding and believing** **3.Modern West Thought (1470-1600s)** \*Renaissance,reform \*LutherCalvin,Newton,Copernicus,Kepler,Galileo, Moore,Campanella, Machiavelli etc. \*Modern science based on **experiment** and **observation** **! General Philosophy:Shaping nature** **4.Close to Now (1600s & later)** \***Rationalist** and **idealist** thought (Descartes,Spinoza) \***Empricist,experimenter** and **materialist** (Bacon,Hobbes,Locke,Hume) \***Enlightment** (Adam Smith) **! General Philosophy:Controlling nature**