Introduction to Anemia PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ANAEMIA BY SITI BALKIS BUDIN to women men ↑ RBC compared due to androgen 3 menstruation  ↓ hemoglobin...

INTRODUCTION TO ANAEMIA BY SITI BALKIS BUDIN to women men ↑ RBC compared due to androgen 3 menstruation  ↓ hemoglobin DEFINITION Anemia is a hematologic condition in which there is quantitative deficiency of circulating hemoglobin (Hb) depending upon the patient’s age and sex. The physiologic result of low circulating Hb is the reduced capacity for blood to carry oxygen. reduced number of RBCs or/and reduced content of Hb in RBCs Anemia associated with low hematocrit (HCT) value Criteria for the anemia: Hemoglobin: Male = Hb - cell immatured RBC A state Ex: deficiency states of vitamin B12 and /or folic acid. size ↓ Size ↓ colour The microcytic, hypochromic anaemia (low MCV &MCH). -- - - RBCN ( Ex: iron-deficiency anaemia, sideroblastic states, anaemia of chronic size smaller ? disease How to know size 2. The aetiology through microscope E KISC is smaller lymphocyte than. 2 The aetiology - ↑ RBC loss (bleeding , haemorrhage) - ↑ /defective cell production (iron B12 folate ,. defect, bone marrow disorder Destruction of RBC (immune hemolytic thalassemia , - , mechanical)  Increased RBC loss (bleeding, haemorrhage). BC Anemia associated with low hematocrit (HCT) value  hypochromic and Macrocytic anaemia microcytic anaemia (eg:Megaloblastic anaemia) Normochromic normocytic anaemia  RED CELL INDICES Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is to define the size RBCs Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is to define hemoglobin content of RBCs Useful in elucidating the etiology of anemias. Loading… Red cell indices can be calculated if the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit (packed cell volume), and red blood cell count are known. With the general availability of electronic cell counters, red cell indices are now automatically measured in all blood count determinations. Variation in the size of red cells (anisocytosis) can be quantified and expressed as red cell distribution width (RDW) or as red cell morphology index. MCV defines the size of the red blood MCH quantifies the amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. MCHC indicates the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume. In contrast to MCH, MCHC correlates the hemoglobin content with the volume of the cell.  GENERAL CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF ANEMIA (SIGN AND SYMPTOMS) The main symptoms are due to cardiovascular system adaptation. Hyperdynamic circulation leads to tachycardia, a bounding pulse, systolic murmurs, and cardiomegaly. In older adults and chronic condition: may find S/S of congestive heart failure and and ankle edema Acute onset has more sign and symptom (s/s) compared to the slow onset. The severity of the anemia: In the case of mild anemia, there is no S/S. Older people tolerate less to anemia as compared to young people. Pallor, lethargy, malaise, weakness, fatigue, dizziness and headaches. Dyspnea and palpitation on exertion or may have syncope after the exercise.  SPESIFIC SIGNS koilonychia – spoon-shape nails seen in iron deficiency anaemia jaundice – haemolytic anaemia bone deformities – thalassemia major leg ulcers – sickle cell disease  mean corpuscular (packed concentration cell volume) volume hemoglobin of hematocrit  INVESTIGATION OF ANEMIA t , size to (micro... ) M (macro.. ) Moun Size ,