Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Fall 2024-2025 PDF

Welcome Dear future PHARMACISTS 1 Introduction 2  Course Team Prof. Dr. Eman Dr. Heba-Alla Elzanfaly Hussein (Course coordinator) 3 4  Course Grades ‫ درجة‬150...

Welcome Dear future PHARMACISTS 1 Introduction 2  Course Team Prof. Dr. Eman Dr. Heba-Alla Elzanfaly Hussein (Course coordinator) 3 4  Course Grades ‫ درجة‬150 5  ‫متى‬ ‫اين تجدونا‬ ‫المكاتب‪:‬‬ ‫ايام االحد و االثنين واالربعاء‬ ‫‪ -‬مبنى ( ‪ ) B‬الدور الثاني‬ ‫والخميس من ‪3-9‬‬ ‫المعامل‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬مبنى ( ‪ ) B‬الدور الثاني‬ ‫ البريد االلكترونى‬ ‫ا‪.‬د‪.‬ايمان سعد‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬ ‫للتواصل‬ ‫د‪.‬هبة حسين‬ ‫‪[email protected]‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬  Course Content Basic Qualitative Concepts Analysis 9 Lectures 3 Lectures ✓ Data Analysis ✓ Periodicity and Bonds ✓ Chemical Calculations ✓ Solutions ✓ Cations ✓ Chemical Equilibrium ✓ Anions ✓ Ionic Equilibrium ✓ Reaction Kinetics 7 Learning outcome: 1.1.1.1 Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. 1.1.2.1 Define basic and important scientific terms related to pharmaceutical analytical chemistry. 1.1.3.1 Identify the important applications of pharmaceutical analytical chemistry. 2.2.3.1 Differentiate between classical and instrumental methods of analysis. This could be achieved by covering the following topics: ✓ Define analytical chemistry and important terms in analytical chemistry. ✓ Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analysis. ✓ Identify different applications of analytical chemistry. ✓ Describe the steps of an Analytical process. ✓ Differentiate between classical and instrumental methods of analysis. ✓ Define Compendial methods and pharmacopoeia. 8 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 9 Definition of Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining and processing information about the composition and structure of matter. involves the separation, identification, and the quantification of matter. In other words, it is the art and science of determining what matter is (identity) and how much of it exists (quantity). 10 11 Applications of Analytical Chemistry Applications of Analytical Chemistry Medicine It is the basis for clinical laboratory tests which help physicians to diagnose diseases e.g. Blood gases, blood glucose level, LDL & others. 12  Applications of Analytical Chemistry Environmental quality 13  Applications of Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry can reveal your Industry lipstick can contain heavy metals. Analytical chemistry provides the means of testing raw materials and for assuring the quality of finished products whose chemical composition is critical. 14 Applications of Analytical Chemistry Nutritional value of food Example: The concentration of vitamins in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables. Can reveal that the average amount of caffeine is 40 mg per 100 g of tea leaves. 15 Applications of Analytical Chemistry Forensic analysis 16  Applications of Analytical Chemistry Bioanalytical chemistry and analysis Involves the separation, detection, identification and quantification of chemical compounds in biological samples. 17 Applications of analytical chemistry in Pharmacy field Lets assume that I am a QC analyst in a pharmaceutical Factory I received raw material of azithromycin, as a pre- manufacturing step. How should I start my work? ✓Is this azithromycin or not (Identification)? ✓Is it pure enough? On what basis (guidelines)? ✓Quantification of this active ingredient (Assay). After formulation as tablets and before release to market: ✓Does every tablet contain the same amount of azithromycin as the other (Content uniformity)? ✓Is the drug stable at the claimed storage conditions and for the shelf-life printed (stability) ? ✓When the patient swallows the tablet, where will it dissolve/released (dissolution study) in his GIT? After the azithromycin absorbed from the GIT: ✓ What is azithromycin bioavailability? ✓ What is azithromycin pharmacokinetics? What will be the recommended dose and its frequency? 18 Applications of analytical chemistry in Pharmacy field Identification Content Test for impurities uniformity Assay Stability Bioavailability and Dissolution pharmacokinetics Dose Frequency 19  Sample Analyte Matrix Terminology in Selective Analytical reaction Chemistry Specific reaction Detection limit Quantitation limit 20 The fundamental steps of a scientific method 21  Methods of analysis According to According to analyte instrument used amount Classical Micro Instrumental Macro 22  Methods of analysis According to instrument used basic equipment as burettes, Classical balances, flame, furnace is used based on simple chemical analysis. usually require samples with high concentrations 23  Methods of analysis Volumetric analysis According to instrument used Titrant of known concentration Classical Sample Gravimetric analysis Analyte is determined through the measurement of mass. must be completely precipitated. must be a pure compound. must be easily filtered 24  Methods of analysis According to instrument used Instrumental based on measurement of physical or chemical property of a substance being analyzed (analyte) and use of electronic, thermal or optical principles for determination. These methods can be used to analyze samples with low concentrations. 25  Methods of analysis Spectroscopic According to interaction between the analyte instrument used and electromagnetic radiation Electroanalytic Instrumental measure an electrical property (i.e., potential, current resistance, amperes) chemically related to the amount of analyte. Chromatographic 26 Comparison between classical and instrumental methods e.g. Determination of hydrochloric acid using sodium hydroxide Classical instrumental 27 Comparison between classical and instrumental methods Classical Instrumental 10% of all the current analytical work 90% of the current analytical work Less sensitive Very sensitive One sample at a time Determine several samples even>10 Time consuming Quicker and cheaper for large number of samples More efficient modern equipment have automatic data handling Simple, Automated, Specialized training not required, small volume of solution, Cheaper data/statistical handling easy Large volume of solution Expensive equipment Need clean glassware Complex procedures Instability of some reagents Require skillful operator 28 http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m6240.html 29 30  Methods of analysis According to minimum size of the analyte amount analyte in the sample Micro Macro Micro analysis Macro analysis (1 mg) ( 100 mg) Ultra micro (1 µg) Semi macro analysis (10 mg) Sub micro (10-2 µg) 31  methods and equipment used is tested to ensure fitting for certain purpose. organizations should have well defined Staff should be both quality control and qualified and skilled quality assurance procedures Criteria of acceptance of analytical methods Measurements Assessment or should be consistent evaluation of the through different technical laboratories performance of the laboratory. 32  What is a Pharmacopoeia? A Pharmacopoeia is an official and legal book that contains collection of standards and quality specifications for medicines used in a country or region. Pharmacopoeia is derived from the Greek word 'Pharmakon" means Drug and 'Poiea' means To Make Issued by recognized authority usually appointed by government of each country. The Pharmacopoeia is formed of Monographs 33 Monograph Contains standardized methods and specification testing for pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. Contains basic requirements for manufacturing release and distribution of pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products around the world. Each raw material or finished product has a separate monograph. 34  Compendial methods of analysis The word “compendial” is related to the word compendium that means a short but complete information of a particular subject. Compendial methods of analysis is equivalent to Pharmacopoeial method of analysis 35 The role of a pharmacopoeia To provide quality specifications for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs). The existence of such specifications and requirements is necessary for the proper functioning or regulatory control of medicines production. 36 Most common pharmacopoeias 37 38 39 40 41