Introduction to Pets - PDF

 ‫ِب ْس ِم ه ِ‬ ‫اَّلل هالر ْح َم ِن هالر ِح ِيم‬ ‫َّللا فَأ َ ُرونًِ َماذَا َخلَ َ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك هِ‬ ‫” َهذَا َخ ْل ُ‬ ‫اله ِذ َ‬ ‫ٌن ِم ْن دُو ِن ِه “‬ ‫صدق هللا العظيم‬...

 ‫ِب ْس ِم ه ِ‬ ‫اَّلل هالر ْح َم ِن هالر ِح ِيم‬ ‫َّللا فَأ َ ُرونًِ َماذَا َخلَ َ‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ك هِ‬ ‫” َهذَا َخ ْل ُ‬ ‫اله ِذ َ‬ ‫ٌن ِم ْن دُو ِن ِه “‬ ‫صدق هللا العظيم‬ ‫لقمان (‪)11‬‬ Introduction & Terminology  By Ass. Prof. Osama Abdel Mohsen Salem Ahmed Associate Professor of Veterinary Anatomy & Embryology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine BNU Phone: 01120792038  Introduction Anatomy : Is the scientific study dealing with the study of the form and structure which includes size, shape and components of body parts. Anat: cutting apart of the body Anatomy Omy: science Introduction Branches of Anatomy: Gross Anatomy  Macroscopic Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy  Cytology  Histology Developmental Anatomy  Embryology Introduction Comparative anatomy is the description and comparison of the structure of animals. Special Anatomy is the description of the structure of a single type or species, e. g., anthropotomy, hippotomy. Methods of Anatomical Studies 1. Systemic: In which the body is divided into systems of organs. These systems are similar in the origin and structure and are associated in performance of certain function. Systemic anatomy is classified into  Osteology: study of bones  Arthrology: Study of joints  Myology: Study of Muscles  Angiology: Study of blood vessels  Neurology: Study of nerves  Splanchnology: Study of viscera as digestive system, urinary,……..etc. Methods of Anatomical Studies 2. Topographic Anatomy Methods by which the relative positions of the various parts of the body are accurately determined. 3- Applied anatomy Means application of anatomical facts. 4. Surface anatomy It is the study of the viscera & other structures with reference to the surface of the body and determination of these structures through the skin. To study the positions and relation of the different parts of the body there are topographical planes. 5. Regional anatomy as head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis. Anatomical Planes PLANE: A flat surface, real or imaginary, passing through the animal, or part of it. Anatomical Planes 1. MEDIAN OR LONGITUDINAL: (divides the body into similar halves). divides the head, body of the limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves. 2.SAGITTAL: passes through the head, body or limb parallel to the median plane. Divide the body to unequal halves 3. TRANSVERSE : cuts perpendicular to the median plane, or at right angles to its long axis or an organ or limb. Divide the body to cranial and caudal parts. 4. FRONTAL (OR CORONAL) Dorsal: perpendicular to the median and transverse planes. Divide the body to upper and lower parts.  Anatomical Planes ‫المستىي األوسط‬MEDIAN PLANE Body plane that divides the animal into equal, symmetrical right and left halves.  Anatomical Planes ً‫المستىي السهم‬SAGITTAL PLANE Any body plane that is parallel to the median plane.  Anatomical Planes ً‫المستىي العرض‬TRANSVERSE PLANE Body plane that divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts.  Anatomical Planes ً‫المستىي الجبه‬FRONTAL PLANE perpendicular to the median and transverse planes. Divide the body to upper and lower parts. Anatomical Terms ً‫ أمام‬CRANIAL Towards the head Anatomical Terms ً‫ خلف‬CAUDAL Towards the tail Anatomical Terms ‫ ظهري‬DORSAL Along the back or uppermost surface Anatomical Terms ً‫ بطن‬VENTRAL Along the belly or undermost surface Anatomical Terms ً‫ أمام‬ANTERIOR The front of the animal Anatomical Terms ً‫ خلف‬POSTERIOR The rear of the animal Anatomical Terms ‫ علىي‬PROXIMAL Part of the limb closest to the body Anatomical Terms ‫ سفلية‬/ ‫ دانية‬DISTAL Part of the limb furthest from the body Anatomical Terms Anatomical Terms  Anatomical Terms 1.. VENTRAL: the surface directed towards the ground. Towards or relatively near to the underside of the head or body. 2. DORSAL: the opposite surface to the preceding (i.e. towards or relatively near to the top of the head, back of the neck, trunk or tail). 3. MEDIAL OR INTERNAL: a surface or structure which is nearer than another to the median plane (i.e. towards or relatively near to the median plane). 4. LATERAL OR EXTERNAL: a surface which is further than another from the median plane (i.e. away from or relatively further from the median plane). Anatomical Planes 1. MEDIAN OR LONGITUDINAL: (divides the body into similar halves). divides the head, body of the limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves. 2.SAGITTAL: passes through the head, body or limb parallel to the median plane. Divide the body to unequal halves 3. TRANSVERSE : cuts perpendicular to the median plane, or at right angles to its long axis or an organ or limb. Divide the body to cranial and caudal parts. 4. FRONTAL (OR CORONAL) Dorsal: perpendicular to the median and transverse planes. Divide the body to upper and lower parts.  Back C A B D Head Tail Cranial – caudal dorsal – ventral Abdomen Medial - lateral  Anatomical Terms 5. CRANIAL: is the head-end of the body. A surface towards or relatively near to the head. You may also encounter the term CEPHALIC which means the same thing. 6. CAUDAL: is the tail-end of the body. A surface towards or relatively near the tail. 7. ROSTRAL: applies to the head region only. A surface towards or relatively near to the nose. 8. ORAL: applies to the mouth region only. A surface towards or relatively near to the mouth. 9. ABORAL: applies to the surface opposite to or away from the mouth. 10.Superficial: near to the surface of the body. 11.Deep: Away from the surface of the body.  Anatomical Terms Terms applied to the limbs  PROXIMAL: those parts of the limb or limb structures that are nearest to the body or main mass.  DISTAL: refers to that part of a structure that is furthest away from the main mass of tissue. In the appendages, it applies to the lower end of say a limb bone or even the free end of the limb.  DORSAL: refers to the cranial face of the distal part of the fore and hind limbs.  PALMAR: (the older term is VOLAR) refers to the face opposite the dorsal face.  PLANTAR: refers to the face opposite the dorsal face in hind limb. Simple Dissecting Instruments ‫المشرط‬1- Scalpel ‫الماسك‬2- Forceps a) Toothed b) Un Toothed Terminology of the bones PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS P DEPRESSIONS )‫البروزات‬ )‫النتؤات ((البروزات‬ ‫النتؤات‬ )‫اإلنخفاضات ات‬ ARTICULAR ARTICULAR NON ARTICULAR  ARTICULAR ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS DEPRESSIONS ‫النتؤات (البروزات) المفصلٌة‬ ‫اإلنخفاضات المفصلٌة‬ NON ARTICULAR NON ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS DEPRESSIONS ‫النتؤات‬ ‫اإلنخفاضات الغٌرمفصلٌة‬ ‫(البروزات)الغٌرمفصلٌة‬  Terminology of the bones Terms of the bones Articular Non-articular Projections Depressions Projections Depressions Head Glenoid cavity process fossa Condyle Cotyloid cavity eminence fovea Trochlea Facet epicondyle sulcus trochonter sinus tuberosity fissure tubecle canal ridge  Terminology - Bones Articular projections HEAD: Round projection has a neck EXAMPLES: 1- HEAD OF HUMERUS. 2- HEAD OF FEMUR.  Terminology - Bones Articular projections Capitulum: small Head. EXAMPLES: 1- CAPITULUM OF HUMERUS (distal extremity).  Terminology - Bones Articular projections Trochlea: ‫بكرة‬ Pulley like (two rounded projections between them a groove). EXAMPLES: 1- Trochlea OF HUMERUS (distal extremity). 2- Trochlea of femur (distal extremity).  Terminology - Bones Articular projections Condyle: ‫اللممة‬ small round projection. (knuckle). EXAMPLES: 1- medial and lateral codyles of Humerus (distal extremity). 2- medial and lateral codyles of Femur (distal extremity).  Terminology - Bones Articular depressions Glenoid cavity : ‫التجوٌف األروح‬ shallow and wide socket. Glenoid cavity Greek: gléne, "socket. EXAMPLE: 1- Glenoid cavity of scapula.  Terminology - Bones Articular DEPRESSIONS Cotyloid (Acetabular) cavity : Deep socket. ً‫تجوٌف حم‬ Example: Acetabulum of pelvic bone MAN PELVIC BONE Acetabulum = vinger cup  Terminology - Bones Articular depressions Articular Facet : ً‫سطٌح تمفصل‬ Flat and smooth surface. EXAMPLES: 1- Facets between carpal bones. 2- Articular facets of MAN VERTEBRA vertebrae.  Terminology - Bones Non Articular projections Tuberosity or tuber : ‫درنة او حدبة‬ Round and smooth projection. Tubercle: small tuber. ‫حدٌبة‬ Small. EXAMPLES: 1- Tuber spinae of sacpula. 2- Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.  Terminology - Bones Non Articular projections PROCESS = PROJECTION. EXAMPLES: 1- ANCONIAL PROCESS OF ULNA. ‫النتوء المنماري‬  Terminology - Bones Non Articular projections TROCHANTER: ‫مدور‬ round projection for attachment of muscles rotate pelvic laterally. EXAMPLES: 1- GREATER, LESSER AND THIRD TROCHANTER OF FEMUR.  Terminology - Bones Non Articular projections CRISTA = CREST ‫عرف‬ SPINA = SPINE ‫شوكة‬ EPICONDYLE = ‫فوق اللممة‬ Dog EXAMPLES: scapula 1- SCAPULAR SPINE.  Canine Left Humerus, Lateral view Tuberosity Line Tubercle  Canine left scapula Canine left scapula Ventral View Lateral View Spine Process Fossa  Terminology - Bones Non Articular depressions 1- Fossa = ditch = ‫حفرة‬ 2- Fovea = pit = ‫نمرة‬ 3- Fissure = cleft = ‫شك‬ 4- Notch = incisura cut in bone = ‫ثلمة‬ 5- groove = sulcus = ‫اخدود او‬ ‫مٌزاب‬ 6- foramen= hole = ‫ثمب‬ 7- canal = ‫لناة‬  Canine left Humerus Caudal view Nutrient Foramen Nutrient Foramen  Terms of the bones Articular Non-articular Projections Depressions Projections Depressions Head Glenoid cavity process fossa Condyle Cotyloid cavity eminence fovea Trochlea Facet epicondyle sulcus trochonter sinus tuberosity fissure tubecle canal ridge Thank You  ‫‪ Articular Projections:‬لبروزات المفصلٌة‬ ‫بروز مفصلً بٌضاوي ‪Head:‬الرأس‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬كتلة اسطوانٌة ضخمة أو صغٌرة ‪Condyle:‬اللممة‬ ‫‪.‬عبارة عن كتلة مفصلٌة تشبه البكرة ‪Trochlea:‬البكرة‬ ‫‪.‬عبارة عن سطح مفصلً مسطح ٌوجد بٌن العظام الرسغٌة المرٌبة ‪Facet:‬السطٌح‬ ‫‪ Nonarticular Projections:‬البروزات الالمفصلٌة‬ ‫مصطلح عام ٌطلك على البروزات العظمٌة الطوٌلة و العرٌضة وهً ذو نهاٌة عرٌضة ‪Process:‬شاخصة‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬بروز عظمً كبٌر كلٌل ‪ ،‬غٌر حاد لكنه غٌر مفصلً ‪Tuberosity:‬حدبة‬ ‫بروز عظمً صغٌر كلٌل‪ ،‬غٌر حاد لكنه غٌر مفصلً ‪Tubercle:‬حدٌبة‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬بروز عظمً كبٌر و طوٌل و ذو نهاٌة حادة ‪spine :‬شوكة‬ ‫‪.‬عبارة عن حدبة على اللممة أو على السطح المفصلً ‪Epicondyle:‬فوق لممة‬  ‫‪ Articular Depressions:‬االنخفاضات المفصلٌة‬ ‫انفاض مزود بسطح مفصلً ‪Cavity:‬تجوٌف‬ ‫تجوٌف مفصلً ضحل ٌوجد على السطح المفصلً لعظم لوح ‪ Glenoide Cavity. :‬تجوٌف عنابً‬ ‫‪.‬الكتف‬ ‫تجوٌف مفصلً عمٌك ٌوجد فً عظم الحوض ‪ Cotyloid Cavity :‬تجوٌف حمً‬ ‫شك حاد على العظم ‪Incesnsa Or Notch :‬ثلم‬ ‫‪ Depressions Nonarticular‬االنخفاضات الالمفصلٌة‬ ‫‪.‬انخفاض ال مفصلً كبٌر ( عادة ضحل) و ذو حدود واضحة على سطح العظم ‪Fossa :‬حفرة‬ ‫‪.‬العظم انخفاض ال مفصلً صغٌر على سطح ‪Fovea :‬حفٌرة‬ ‫‪.‬انخفاض ضحل طوٌل ( عادة عمٌك )على سطح العظم ‪Groove Or Sulcus:‬مٌزاب‬ ‫فتحة توجد فً جسم العظم ‪Foramen :‬ثمب‬ ‫‪.‬ممر ٌوجد بٌت فتحتٌن على جسم عظمً واحد أو بٌن عظمٌن معا ‪) Canal :‬نفك ‪ -‬لناة‬ ‫عبارة عن لناة ٌتحد جزء من جدارها أو تمع بٌن عظمٌن‪Fissure :.‬أخدود‬ 1- Long bone 2- Short bone 3- Flat bone 4- Irrigular bone 5- Sessamoid bone 6- Specialized bone Structure of the bone  Spongy Bone Hyaline Cartilage Equine left Pelvic limb logitudinal section  Shoulder (Scapula) Shoulder joint Arm (Humerus) Elbow joint Fore arm (Radius & ulna) Carpal joint Manus (Carpus, metacarpus, digits) Bones of the Pelvic (hind) Limb Ilium, Ischium, Pubis Hip Sacroiliac joint Coxa Femur Thigh Hip Joint Stifle Joint Tibia, Fibula Leg Crus Tarsal joints Pes Tarsus Metatarsus Digits Digital Joints Lateral View  Flexor surface Flexor surface Flexor surface Flexor surface Flexor surface Flexor surface Flexor surfaces Flexor surfaces