Introduction To Pathology PDF

Introduction to Pathology Dr. Abla S. Abdel Aleem Code: SOM1-1 Code: SOM1-1  Intended learning outcomes By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to: Identify different types of biopsies Compare between gross & micro...

Introduction to Pathology Dr. Abla S. Abdel Aleem Code: SOM1-1 Code: SOM1-1  Intended learning outcomes By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to: Identify different types of biopsies Compare between gross & microscopic findings of the specimen. Understand how to write a report about a diseased Describe diseased organs grossly and microscopically organ 1 Code: SOM1-1  Pathology  Pathology  Is the science that deals with the study of the diseases.  It includes two main parts: A. General pathology B. Special ( systemic pathology). 3 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Practical Pathology A. General pathology  Concerned with response of living tissue to injury i.e changes occur in the living cells and tissues when they are subjected to abnormal stimuli as  Inflammation  Necrosis  Healing and repair  Growth disturbances and cell adaptation.  Neoplasia 1 Code: SOM1-1  Special (systemic) pathology  It is the study of diseases affecting different body systems: 1. Cardiovascular system. 2. Respiratory systems. 3. Digestive system 4. Hepatobiliary system. 5. Endocrine system 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  6. Urinary system 7. Male genital system 8. Female Genital System & Breast. 9. Nervous System. 10. Blood and lymphoid tissue 11. Musculoskeletal system. 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Pathology Gross Features = Microscopic Macroscopic features Features Change in size, colour & consistency of the diseased organ Cellular and extracellular changes as detection of malignant cells. 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Types of pathology samples  1-Biopsy: examination of a tissue specimen which may be:  Punch biopsy  Core Biopsy  Incisional biopsy  Excisional biopsy  Partial organ excision  Whole organ 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Core biopsy Shafaorthj.com core needle Biopsy Excisional biopsy Spelunker.downstate.edu woundcareworcester Spelunker.downstate.edu Survivornet.ca Whole organ Hysterectomy Punch biopsy 10 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Tissue slide Friday, October 04, 2024  Types of pathology samples  2-Autopsy:  Examination of tissue obtained from dead bodies.  3-Frozen Section Examination  Used for rapid diagnosis during surgery. 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Types of pathology samples 4-Cytology:  Examination of body fluids or smears to detect any abnormal cells as malignant cells & inflammatory cells as a) Body fluid as urine , CSF , ascetic fluid b) Sputum c) Discharge: nipple discharge d) Lavage fluid: bronchial lavage e) Touch imprint cytology f) Fine needle aspiration cytology g) Cervicovaginal smear h) Bone marrow aspirate 1 Code: SOM1-1  Ascitic fluid Slideshare.net Thoughtco.com Urine CSF fluid Cytology smear nursingcrib.com 13 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Practical Pathology  Practical lessons includes:  Demonstration of jars by data show and in the museum  Demonstration of slides by data show &light microscope 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Practical Pathology  Jars (Gross picture) & Slides (microscopic picture) should be examined and write full report about them as follow:  1- Type of specimen e.g liver, kidney, heart …etc  2- Full Description ( Comment).  3- Diagnosis. 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Practical Pathology [Gross picture (Naked eye) examination of the specimen]  Specimen: Recognize the organ in the jar: Heart, lung, brain or small intestine.  Comment: Describe the organ: 1. Size: Normal, increased or decreased. 2. Colour 3. Consistency 4. Surface  Outer surface  Cut surface (may show focal or diffuse lesion).  Diagnosis. 1 Code: SOM1-1  Practical pathology 1-Size of the organ Small atrophic Heart Less than 1.5 cm in thickness 1 http://ar.utmb.edu/webpath/cvhtml/cv213.htm Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  Normal liver 2-Colour Diseased Liver Yellow in Color https://slideplayer.com/slide/8803369/ 18 act.downstate.edu Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024  3-Consistency Fat with rounded borders (soft) Diseased liver Rounded borders indicating soft consistency Amazon.com 19 https://slideplayer.com/slide/8803369 / Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024  3-Consistency Diseased liver Sharp edges Flat cut surface (indicating firm consistency) http://pathology.or.jp/corepicturesEN/10/c07/01.html act.downstate.edu Normal liver 20 Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module  4-Outer surface http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/cardio/fp2.htm Normal heart with smooth Irregular rough opaque 21 glistening pericardium pericardium Code: SOM1-1 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module  5-Cut surface A) Diffuse lesion Diseased Liver https://slideplayer.com/slide/8803369 / Pathology department, AFCM Diffuse yellowish coloration Diffuse nodularity Code: SOM1-1 5-Cut surface B) Focal lesion Mass Cavity Ulcer Number: Single, or multiple. Number, Site, Size, and Number, Site, Size, and Shape.  Site. Shape. Edge: Undermined, sloping ,  Wall: regular or irregular. everted or rolled in. Size. Lining : smooth or rough Floor: covered by necrotic  Shape: Rounded, oval or Content: contain pus, tissue or clean. irregular. blood or empty. Base: Firm or hard  Colour. Code: SOM1-1 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Cut section.  Examples of the mass 24 Friday, October 04, 2024  Number of masses: single multiple Lung Liver https://www.google.com/search?q=bronchogenic+ Friday, October 25 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module en.wikipedia.org Code: SOM1-104, 2024  Site of mass Lung Related to the main bronchus http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/bbs/p/ppi. html https://www.google.com/search?q=bronchogenic+ 26 Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module  Shape , Colour and cut section of the mass liver Irregular Dark brown https://library.med.utah.edu/We bPath/ Omi sonline.com RENAHTML/RENAL116.html Normal Kidney Rounded Golden yellow with hemorrhage Code: SOM1-1  Examples of the cavity 28 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Lung Lung Lung Description of the cavity Number, Site, Size, and Shape Wall: regular or irregular. Lining : Smooth or rough Content: asof basic medical sciences II module https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7468374664 Foundation https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299425-overview Friday, October 04, 2024 https://www.diomedia.com/stock-photo-lung---bronchiectasis---gross-macro pus, or empty.  Margin Parts of an ulcer : 1. Margin 2. Edge Edge 3. Floor Floor 4. Base Base Edge of the ulcer : Area between the floor and the margin Foundation of basic medical sciences II module 30 Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024  Examples of the ulcers Raised everted Raised rolled in Jaypeedigital com 31 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Necrotic floor Raised beaded rolled in edges Raised, everted Necrotic floor edges https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC451881 6/ Foundation of basic medical sciences II module 32 Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024  Practical Pathology How to examine and comment on a histopathologic slide A) Naked eye (NE) examination of the slide before looking into microscope B) Low power (LP) examination C) High power (HP)of the pathological area D) Comment & diagnosis 1 Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1  A) Naked eye (NE) examination Practical pathology Solid Small Rounded Strip or ribbon like rectangular fragments: section with sections section narrow lumen Tubular organs Hollow structures of large Most glands & solid Polyp/papillom =hollow dimensions as a organs as a- structures of longitudinal cut involving liver-kidney-spleen-lymph Endometrial small all layers inner & outer e.g. node – tumors- curettage diameter e.g. urinary bladder & large lung (but appears spongy) appendix & intestine blood vessel 34 Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module  Normal pericardium Serofibrinous pericarditis B) Low power (LP) examination to Identify tissue type & site of the pathology Scan starting from topmost corner on the right , move horizontally until you reach the left corner then go down 1 field & move towards the Sciencing.com right repeat until all the slide is seen. 35 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Practical pathology Normal pericardium Serofibrinous pericarditis C) High power (HP) of the pathological area to Determine specific features of  nucleus,  cell cytoplasm or surrounding tissue alamy.com 36 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024 Focus on the pathologic lesion for 1-Pattern 2-Cells 3-Connective tissue: fibrous tissue + blood vessels 4-Special features as:  Bilharzial ova  Granuloma i.e. the basic reaction of the disease 37 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Normal pericardium Pattern Solid masses Glands Cttr.org 38 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024 Pathology outlines.com  Normal pericardium 1. Presence of normal looking cells out of its usual site. Normal lung Diseased lung https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/vethisto/chapter/10-respiratory-tract-gas-exchange/ https://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/INFLHTML/INFL022.html 39 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Examples for pathological Normal pericardium findings 2-Change in tissue architecture or framework Diseased liver Masson trichrome stain Medchrome. com Retroflexions.com Normal liver 40 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Normal pericardium Serofibrinous pericarditis D) Comment & diagnosis: Comment Section in ------organ (histological type of tissue e.g. liver, spleen…) showing ---------------- Diagnosis: Pathologic lesion e.g. fatty change + organ e.g. liver 41 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module Friday, October 04, 2024  Issue 1/ 2018 Code: SOM1-1 43 Friday, October Code: SOM1-104, 2024 Foundation of basic medical sciences II module