Introduction to Vet Med PDF

Veterinary medicine deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries in animals. “Practice of Veterinary Medicine: To diagnose, treat, or prevent animal diseases, pain, injuries, deformities, or other health issues, a person may use various methods,...

Veterinary medicine deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries in animals. “Practice of Veterinary Medicine: To diagnose, treat, or prevent animal diseases, pain, injuries, deformities, or other health issues, a person may use various methods, including: Performing medical or surgical procedures Prescribing, giving, or applying drugs, medicines, devices, anesthetics, or other therapies Using alternative or complementary therapies Managing reproductive health, like diagnosing or treating pregnancy, fertility, or infertility Assessing an animal's health, fitness, or physical condition Providing physical rehabilitation to restore movement and function Advice or recommendations on any of these matters, including via phone or electronic communication, are also covered. Subjects covered in the BVM Curriculum Pre clinical: anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, animal management Paraclinical: microbiology, parasitology, pathology, pharmacy Clinical: medicine, surgery, theriogenology Anatomy Embryology: Studies how embryos develop from fertilization to a basic body form. Surface Anatomy: Identifies surface landmarks on the body. Gross Anatomy: Looks at organs and body structures visible to the naked eye. Clinical Anatomy: Applies anatomy to medical and surgical contexts. Histology: Examines tissues and cells under a microscope. Physiology Studies how the body functions, covering the roles of organs, tissues, and chemical processes. Biochemistry Focuses on how the body digests, absorbs, and stores nutrients, as well as the biochemical basis of diseases. Animal Management Covers practices that impact animal health and productivity, such as: ○ Systems of animal management (e.g., intensive or extensive systems) ○ Breeding and caring for animals ○ Nutrient composition of feeds and ration formulation Microbiology The study of disease-causing microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, focusing on their life cycle, growth, and identification. Parasitology Examines parasites, such as worms and protozoa, including their impact and control. Pathology Studies body changes due to disease or after death. Types include: ○ Gross Pathology: Examines organs after death. ○ Histopathology: Look at diseased tissues under a microscope. ○ Clinical Pathology: Tests body fluids, especially blood, in living animals. Pharmacology The science of drugs, including: ○ Pharmacokinetics: How drugs move in the body. ○ Pharmacodynamics: How drugs work in the body. ○ Toxicology: Studies poisons and toxins. Medicine The diagnosis and treatment of diseases, with branches for different animal groups, like: ○ Food animals ○ Companion animals ○ Wildlife and laboratory animals Surgery Treats diseases and injuries by surgical methods. Key areas include: ○ Wound healing  ○ Anesthesia: Pain management during surgery ○ Operative techniques: Specific procedures for different conditions Diagnostic Imaging Uses imaging to diagnose conditions: ○ Radiology: Uses X-rays. ○ CT Scans: Creates “slice” images of the body. ○ Ultrasonography: Uses sound waves to view internal organs. Theriogenology (Reproduction) Studies reproduction, covering: ○ Obstetrics: Pregnancy and birth. ○ Gynecology: Female reproductive health. ○ Andrology: Male reproductive health. Public Health Studies diseases that can pass between animals and humans, focusing on: ○ Food safety ○ Preventing contamination of meat, milk, and fish ○ Regulation of veterinary practices Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Many terms in veterinary medicine are derived from Latin or Greek. Latin is the universal language of medicine, while the Greeks are recognized as founders of modern medicine. Common Latin Derivatives in Veterinary Medicine Dog: Canis (Canine) Cat: Felis (Feline) Horse: Equus (Equine) Cattle: Bos (Bovine) Sheep: Ovis (Ovine) Goat: Capra (Caprine) Pig: Sus (Porcine) Bird: Avis (Avian) Mouse: Mus (Murine) Rat: Rattus (Murine) Types of Animals in Veterinary Medicine Agricultural Animals Includes cattle, sheep, goats, and others raised for food. Companion Animals Dogs, cats, and other pets kept for companionship. Sports Animals Horses used in racing and competitions. Zoo and Laboratory Animals Various species utilized for research and exhibition. Specific Terms for Cattle Bovine: Scientific name for cattle. Bull: Mature male beef/dairy animal. Cow: Mature female bovine with a history of producing calves. Heifer: Female bovine that has not borne a calf. Calf: Young bovine under one year. Steer: Castrated male beef/dairy animal. Calving: Act of parturition in cattle. Specific Terms for Goats Caprine: Scientific name for goats. Billy: Uncastrated male goat. Wether: Castrated male goat. Nanny: Female goat. Kid: Young goat. Kidding: Act of parturition in goats. Specific Terms for Sheep Ovine: Scientific name for sheep. Ram: Uncastrated male sheep. Wether: Castrated male sheep. Ewe: Adult female sheep. Lamb: Newborn sheep. Lambing: Act of parturition in sheep. Specific Terms for Camels Bull: Male camel. Cow: Female camel. Calf: Young camel. Rutting: Breeding season. Dromedary: One-humped camel. Bactrian: Two-humped camel. Specific Terms for Horses Stallion: Uncastrated male horse. Gelding: Castrated male horse. Mare: Female horse over 2 years. Foal: Newborn horse. Foaling: Act of parturition in horses. Specific Terms for Dogs Sire/Stud Dog: Mature male dog. Neutered Dog: Castrated male dog. Bitch: Female dog. Puppy: Newborn dog. Whelping: Act of parturition. Specific Terms for Cats Stud/Tom Cat: Mature male cat.  Neutered Cat/Gib: Castrated male cat. Queen: Unspayed female cat. Kitten: Newborn cat. Kindling/Queening: Act of parturition. Specific Terms for Poultry Rooster/Cock: Mature male bird. Capon: Castrated male bird. Hen: Female bird. Chick: Very young bird. Directional Terminology Body Orientation Dorsal: Toward the ceiling or back. Ventral: Toward the belly. Cranial/Anterior: Toward the head. Caudal/Posterior: Toward the tail. Lateral: Toward the side. Medial: Toward the midline. Body Planes Median Plane: Divides body into equal left and right halves. Dorsal Plane: Divides body into upper and lower portions. Transverse Plane: Divides body into cranial and caudal portions. Limb Surfaces for Quadrupeds Palmar Surface: Posterior part of front feet touching the ground. Plantar Surface: Posterior part of rear legs touching the ground. Dorsal Surface: Anterior aspect of distal parts of limbs. Strategies for Learning Veterinary Terminology Break down each word into components: roots, prefixes, suffixes, combining forms. Root Words Examples: cardi/o (heart), cephal/o (head), dent/o (tooth). Prefix Examples: a-, an- (not), anti- (opposing), brady- (slow). Suffix Examples: -cyte (cell), -ectomy (removal), -itis (inflammation). Analyzing Medical/Veterinary Terms Divide terms into basic components to understand. Start from the end of the word: define suffix first, prefix second, then root. Consider anatomical order when discussing body systems. Origins and Early History of Veterinary Medicine Earliest Evidence: Around 8000 B.C., humans shifted from hunter-gatherers to farmers, beginning animal care. Ancient Civilizations: ○ Babylon: The Code of Hammurabi (circa 2000 B.C.) included laws on veterinary surgery. ○ Egypt: Veterinary practices documented in ancient records like the Kahun Papyrus (circa 1800 B.C.). ○ Greek Influence: Aristotle and Apsyrtus contributed to animal study and classification, with Apsyrtus documenting horse diseases. ○ Islamic Era: From 600 A.D., Muslim scholars preserved and expanded Greek medical knowledge, including veterinary practices. Developments in Europe Cattle Plagues: In the 1700s, outbreaks like rinderpest in Europe led to scientific investigations on disease control. First Veterinary Schools: ○ France: The first veterinary school was founded in Lyons in 1761. ○ Growth Across Europe: Other schools opened in Italy, Sweden, Austria, Germany, and the UK between 1769 and 1823. Veterinary Education in North America Canada: The first North American veterinary school, Ontario Veterinary College, opened in 1862. USA: Veterinary schools followed, beginning in Iowa in 1879 and Pennsylvania in 1884. Contributions from Britain The British veterinary profession began formally in 1785, leading to the establishment of the Royal Veterinary College in 1791. Innovation: Dr. J.B. Dunlop’s studies on horses led to the invention of the pneumatic tire, still recognized today. Veterinary Medicine in Africa Rinderpest Outbreaks: Brought to Africa in 1889, it spread rapidly, highlighting the need for veterinary research and control measures. First African Veterinary Schools: Opened in Cairo (1901), Pretoria (1920), Khartoum (1938), and Cairo University (1946). Recent Breakthroughs in Veterinary Medicine 1. MRI: Helps in pre-surgery imaging for bones and soft tissues. 2. Laparoscopy: Uses a camera to view inside the body, reducing the need for invasive surgery. 3. 3D Printing: Creates models of animal bones to assist in surgery planning. 4. Cancer Vaccines: Available for some types, like melanoma, especially in dogs. 5. Acupuncture: Used to treat chronic joint diseases and other conditions. 6. Probiotics: Support animal health with supplements for cats and dogs. 7. Paternity Testing: DNA testing for dogs is now available to identify parentage and potential genetic health risks. Importance of Veterinary Medicine Veterinarians protect animal and human health, addressing welfare, environmental protection, food safety, and public health. Responsibilities include: ○ Controlling infectious and zoonotic diseases ○ Ensuring food safety from animal products ○ Maintaining animal welfare and health in production, sport, and companion animals ○ Conducting research on animal and public health Main Focus Areas in Veterinary Profession 1. Animal Health: ○ Vets enhance animal health and productivity, participating in disease control and eradication programs. ○ Promote biosecurity to prevent foreign diseases and zoonoses. 2. Animal Welfare: ○ Ensuring animal well-being, preventing suffering, and promoting welfare. 3. Public Health: ○ Control zoonotic diseases (e.g., rabies, tuberculosis) that affect humans and animals. ○ Certify health of animals and animal products to facilitate safe trade. ○ Ensure animal feed safety, preventing toxins from entering the food chain. 4. Research and Development: ○ Address antimicrobial resistance, pain management, and surgical anesthetics. ○ Develop advanced treatments for age-related and immune diseases. ○ Improve vaccines, wildlife disease control, and study disease ecology to prevent human transmission. What is a Veterinarian? Veterinarians are doctors for animals, diagnosing, treating, and improving animal health, which can also benefit human health. They complete a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree and handle a variety of tasks, including: ○ Diagnosing conditions ○ Administering vaccines ○ Prescribing medications ○ Performing surgeries ○ Conducting diagnostic tests ○ Educating pet owners Qualities and Skills Needed Important personal qualities: compassion, observation, curiosity, and strong problem-solving skills. Requires knowledge in biological sciences, communication, business, and high ethical standards. Building trust with animal owners is crucial. Work Environment Settings: Vets commonly work indoors in clinics for small animals or have mobile clinics for farm animals. They may also work in labs, classrooms, zoos, or consult for organizations like WHO, OIE, and FDA. Workplaces: Major employers include veterinary services, private practices, government, and educational institutions. Job Outlook The veterinary profession is growing, with projected 19% job growth from 2023 to 2033, with around 4,300 annual openings. Training and Advancement Veterinarians need a 5-year DVM or VMD degree. Many start in established practices before opening their own. Pros and Cons of Being a Veterinarian Pros: ○ Fulfilling work helping animals and advocating for animal welfare ○ Job security, variety, and potential to start a private practice  ○ Opportunity for community connection and ongoing learning Cons: ○ Rigorous education and training ○ Emotional and physical demands, including dealing with abused animals or euthanasia ○ Job hazards and potential allergies diverse roles of veterinarians beyond clinical practice: Here are summarized notes on the diverse roles of veterinarians beyond clinical practice: 1. Public Health and Food Safety A. Public Health and One Health ○ Veterinarians are crucial in zoonotic disease control, food safety, and the "One Health" approach, which connects human, animal, and environmental health. B. Control of Zoonotic Diseases ○ They diagnose and manage diseases like rabies and avian influenza to prevent animal-to-human transmission. C. Antimicrobial Resistance ○ Veterinarians regulate antibiotic use in animals, reducing overuse to curb antimicrobial resistance. D. Vector Control and Disease Surveillance ○ Vets manage disease-carrying vectors (ticks, mosquitoes) and monitor wildlife/livestock to prevent outbreaks. E. Emerging Infectious Diseases ○ In collaboration with other health professionals, they work to understand and control diseases like COVID-19, Ebola, and H1N1. F. Food Safety and Inspection ○ Veterinarians inspect livestock and food products, preventing contamination by pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella. 2. Veterinarians as Educators and Advocates A. Public Education on Animal Health and Welfare ○ They educate the public on best practices in animal care, vaccinations, and responsible pet ownership. B. Training Future Professionals ○ Vets mentor students, emphasizing medical knowledge and ethics in animal welfare. C. Community Health Education ○ They raise awareness about zoonotic diseases and hygiene, helping communities implement preventive measures. 3. Contribution to Environmental and Wildlife Conservation  A. Disease Control in Wildlife ○ Vets monitor and manage wildlife diseases to prevent spillover to humans and domestic animals. B. Conservation Medicine ○ By addressing health crises in ecosystems, veterinarians help maintain ecological balance. C. Wildlife Rehabilitation and Rescue ○ They rehabilitate injured or endangered animals and participate in reintroduction programs for species conservation. D. Biodiversity Conservation ○ Vets help conserve endangered species through health management and genetic research. E. Managing Human-Wildlife Conflict ○ They work to mitigate conflicts by promoting non-lethal interventions and, when needed, translocating animals. 4. Ethical and Moral Responsibilities A. Animal Welfare and Compassion ○ Veterinarians provide high standards of care and show empathy toward animals, even making tough decisions like euthanasia to prevent suffering. B. Ethical Decision-Making in Treatment ○ They balance animal welfare, owner expectations, and societal needs, making informed, humane decisions. C. Public Health and Food Safety ○ In agriculture, vets ensure animals are healthy and safe for human consumption, minimizing disease risks. D. Professional Moral Responsibility ○ Vets adhere to professionalism, transparency, and integrity in practice, updating skills and maintaining ethical conduct. E. Moral Responsibility in Research ○ They follow ethical research practices, minimizing animal use and reporting findings with integrity. 5. Veterinarians in Crisis Situations A. Natural Disasters ○ Veterinarians provide emergency care, aid in rescue and evacuation, and rehabilitate animals affected by disasters. B. Disease Outbreaks and Epidemics ○ They manage zoonotic disease risks and contribute to pandemic responses, monitoring animal populations for potential human transmission. daily work responsibilities for veterinarians across various specialties: 1. Poultry Veterinarian Health Monitoring & Disease Prevention ○ Inspects flocks, conducts health assessments, and enforces biosecurity protocols to prevent disease. ○ Implements vaccination programs and advises on parasite control. Disease Diagnosis & Treatment ○ Diagnoses diseases (e.g., avian flu) and prescribes treatments while adhering to food safety protocols. ○ Performs necropsies and manages disease outbreaks to minimize losses. Flock Management & Productivity Optimization ○ Advises on ventilation, lighting, and temperature in poultry houses; optimizes feed programs for growth and egg production. Biosecurity & Hygiene Management ○ Establishes biosecurity protocols and trains farm workers on hygiene and disinfection practices. Food Safety & Compliance ○ Ensures poultry products meet safety standards and complies with food safety regulations, collaborating with processors and regulators. 2. Farm Animal Veterinarian (Livestock) Routine Health Checks, Preventive Care, and Animal Welfare ○ Conducts regular exams, vaccinations, and parasite control, ensuring humane conditions for livestock. Disease Diagnosis & Treatment ○ Diagnoses diseases (e.g., mastitis, pneumonia) and treats injuries, providing medications and quarantine guidance when necessary. Reproductive Health & Breeding Management ○ Manages breeding programs, performs pregnancy checks, and assists with births, ensuring reproductive health. Surgery & Emergency Care ○ Performs surgeries (e.g., C-sections) and emergency care for injuries and illnesses. Nutrition & Herd Management ○ Advises on feeding and grazing strategies, addressing nutritional diseases (e.g., bloat) and optimizing herd performance. Record Keeping & Regulatory Compliance  ○ Maintains treatment records and ensures compliance with regulations, including drug withdrawal times. 3. Equine Veterinarian (Horse Specialist) Provides preventive care, treats equine-specific diseases, and performs dental work, hoof care, and reproductive health management. Offers emergency care for conditions like colic and fractures and advises on equine training and nutrition. 4. Veterinary Surgeon Pre-Surgical Planning ○ Conducts pre-surgery evaluations and sets up the surgical area, ensuring aseptic preparation and anesthesia. Peri-Operative Monitoring ○ Monitors anesthesia, analgesia, and immobilization to prevent complications. Post-Operative Care ○ Manages pain relief, infection prevention, and healing, monitoring animals closely and removing sutures when appropriate. 5. Companion Animal Veterinarian (Small Animal) Performs routine check-ups, vaccinations, and surgeries for pets (e.g., spaying/neutering). Diagnoses and treats common pet illnesses, provides nutritional advice, manages chronic conditions, and educates owners. 6. Zoo Veterinarian Cares for a wide range of exotic species, diagnosing and treating species-specific health issues. Works with zoo staff to ensure animal welfare, conducts health assessments and surgeries, and participates in conservation and breeding programs. 7. Veterinary Nutritionist Diet Formulation & Customization ○ Designs diets tailored to species-specific needs, adjusting protein, fat, and nutrient levels. Nutritional Consultation & Assessments ○ Assesses health and identifies nutritional deficiencies, collaborating with veterinarians to develop treatment plans. Addressing Nutritional Disorders & Deficiencies ○ Diagnoses and treats nutritional issues, such as vitamin deficiencies or mineral imbalances. disease signs, definitions, causes, and differentiating characteristics: Disease Overview 1. Disease Definition ○ Any deviation from an animal’s normal health state. ○ A disturbance or alteration in body function or organ that interrupts health. 2. Causes of Diseases ○ Direct Causes (Determining Factors): Factors producing the actual disease. ○ Indirect Causes (Predisposing Factors): Factors that may lower the animal's resistance, making it more susceptible. Types of Causes 1. Indirect Causes of Disease ○ Factors that do not cause the disease directly but may weaken the animal’s defense system, increasing vulnerability. 2. Direct Causes of Disease ○ Infectious Agents: Bacteria: E.g., Escherichia coli, Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucella. Viruses: E.g., Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Rabies, Newcastle disease in poultry. Fungi: E.g., Aspergillus species, Candida, ringworm. Parasites: Internal: E.g., Fasciola (liver flukes), roundworms. External: E.g., flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. ○ Physical Injuries: Trauma from accidents or fights, leading to broken bones or infections if untreated. Environmental injuries (e.g., frostbite, heatstroke). ○ Chemical Toxins: Pesticide Poisoning: Exposure to toxins like organophosphates can cause neurological problems or death. Plant Toxins: Ingestion of poisonous plants (e.g., hemlock, oleander) leads to immediate illness. ○ Genetic Abnormalities: Hereditary Disorders: E.g., hip dysplasia in large dog breeds due to joint abnormalities. Congenital Defects: E.g., animals born with heart defects may struggle to survive without medical intervention. Signs of Disease in Animals 1. Visual Signs ○ Body Posture: Abnormal stances or positions. ○ Off Feed & Water: Reduced or no interest in food and water. ○ Isolation: Staying away from other animals. ○ Sounds: Unusual vocalizations, such as groaning or whimpering. ○ Trauma: Visible injuries or physical abnormalities. 2. Non-Visual Signs ○ Temperature: Abnormal body temperature. ○ Pulse Rate: Irregular or elevated pulse. ○ Respiration Rate: Unusual breathing patterns or rates. ○ Blood Types and Counts: Indicators of internal health through blood analysis. ○ Mucous Membrane: Checking for pallor or discoloration in gums and other membranes. Specific Indicators of Disease Animals straying off and keeping their head down. Decreased milk production. Rough, dull hair coat or skin. Skin stays up when pinched (indicating dehydration). Discolored feces or urine. Glassy eyes. Difficulty getting up or general weakness. Signs of Good Health Contented Behavior: Relaxed and free from anxiety. Normal Waste: Feces and urine should be regular and unremarkable. Vital Signs: Normal body temperature, respiration, and pulse rate. Alertness: Animals perk their ears and show attentiveness. Skin and Coat: Healthy skin should be elastic and coat shiny or oily. Eye Condition: Bright eyes with pinkish membranes. Appetite: Healthy animals generally eat well. the key concepts of disease recognition in animals: Major Concepts of Disease Recognition in Animals 1. History and Clinical Signs ○ Many diseases can be identified through medical history and environmental factors. Disease Categories & History Factors 1. Metabolic Diseases ○ Hypocalcemia (Milk Fever): History of parturition. ○ Pregnancy Toxemia (Sheep & Goats): Last month of pregnancy, often related to malnutrition.  ○ Diabetes Mellitus: Increased thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss. 2.Parasitic Diseases ○ History Factors: Outdoor exposure, seasonal changes, contact with infected animals, inadequate deworming schedules. 2. Infectious Diseases ○ History Factors: Disease outbreaks, introduction of new animals, overcrowding, vaccination status, exposure to infected animals. ○ Examples: Hepatic worms (Fasciola), lumpy skin disease in cows. 3. Allergic Conditions ○ History Factors: Previous itching, skin lesions, reactions to foods, medications, or environments. ○ Example: Allergies in horses. 4. Respiratory Diseases ○ History Factors: Exposure to dust, allergens, smoke, or kennel stays (for dogs). ○ Example: Allergies in dogs. 5. Gastrointestinal Disorders ○ History Factors: Diet changes, access to spoiled food or foreign objects, history of vomiting or diarrhea. 6. Toxicity or Poisoning ○ History Factors: Ingestion of chemicals, medications, or toxic plants. 7. Rabies ○ History Factors: Biting incidents, severe salivation, nervous symptoms.  8. Brucellosis ○ History Factors: History of abortion, birth of weak calves, vaginal discharge. 9. Tetanus History Factors: Deep wound, stiffness involving muscles. 11. Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Diseases History Factors: Recent trauma, age-related degeneration, history of high-intensity activities. Specific Clinical Signs Observation 1. Mastitis (In Lactating Animals): ○ Swollen, painful mammary glands; abnormal milk (clumpy or bloody), fever, and lethargy. 2. Ringworm (Dermatophytosis): ○ Circular hair loss, crusty skin, redness, and itching. 3. Scabies: ○ Red skin, crusts, hair loss, intense itching. 4. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): ○ Sores and blisters on feet, mouth, and tongue; fever, reduced milk yield. 5. Lumpy Skin Disease: ○ Raised skin nodules, swelling of limbs, reluctance to move and eat. 6. Babesiosis: ○ Bloody urine, high temperature, pale mucous membranes.  ○ 7. Pyometra: ○ Lethargy, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, vaginal discharge. 8. Canine Distemper: ○ Coughing, nasal and eye discharge, fever, seizures, thickened footpads. Physical Examination Techniques 1. Skin Infections and Parasites: ○ Observing for fleas, ticks, mange (mites). 2. Respiratory Diseases: ○ Conditions like pneumonia, kennel cough, asthma. 3. Gastrointestinal Disorders: ○ Impaction, tympany. 4. Cardiovascular Diseases: ○ Congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy. 5. Musculoskeletal Disorders: ○ Arthritis, fractures, hip dysplasia. 6. Lymphatic Diseases: ○ Lymphoma, lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes). Laboratory Diagnostics 1. Parvovirus Infection (Canine Parvovirus) ○ Diagnosis: Fecal antigen test to detect viral antigens in feces. 2. Leptospirosis ○ Diagnosis: Serology (MAT test) for antibodies or PCR test for leptospiral DNA. 3. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) ○ Diagnosis: Serological tests (e.g., ELISA) for FIV antibodies. 4. Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) ○ Diagnosis: Antigen test for adult heartworms, blood sample microfilaria test. 5. Bacterial Infections ○ Conditions: Staphylococcal, Streptococcal, Salmonellosis. ○ Diagnosis: Culture and sensitivity testing for bacteria identification and antibiotic susceptibility. 6. Anemia ○ Diagnosis: Complete blood count (CBC) for red blood cells, hemoglobin, and blood cell morphology. 7. Diabetes Mellitus ○ Diagnosis: Blood glucose and urine glucose levels. 8. Coccidiosis ○ Diagnosis: Fecal examination for parasite oocysts. 9. Bovine Tuberculosis ○ Diagnosis: Intradermal tuberculin skin test or gamma interferon blood test. Imaging Techniques Ultrasound: For soft tissues, reproductive health, and pregnancy confirmation. Radiography (X-rays): Detecting fractures, internal injuries, and skeletal abnormalities. MRI & CT Scans: Detailed imaging for complex issues like tumors or brain diseases. Genetic and Molecular Testing Genetic Testing: Identifies inherited disorders (e.g., hip dysplasia in dogs). Molecular Testing (e.g., PCR): Detects specific infectious pathogens (e.g., FIV, leptospirosis). Differential Diagnosis  Involves comparing symptoms and test results to differentiate between diseases with similar signs and confirm the most likely diagnosis. Disease Recognition in Animals Major Concepts in Disease Recognition 1. History and Clinical Signs ○ Medical history and environment play a crucial role in recognizing diseases. 2. Specific Clinical Signs Observation ○ Focused observations help identify characteristic signs of specific conditions. 3. Physical Examination ○ Involves inspection, palpation, and other techniques to detect abnormalities. 4. Laboratory Diagnostics ○ Essential for identifying specific pathogens and verifying diagnoses. 5. Imaging Techniques ○ Radiography (X-ray): Identifies fractures, bone deformities, joint issues, and provides insights into thoracic and abdominal organs. ○ Ultrasound: Used for abdominal evaluations, pregnancy detection, and echocardiography for the heart. ○ Computed Tomography (CT): Helpful for diagnosing fractures, tumors, and brain or spinal cord issues. ○ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Used in neurological conditions like brain tumors and spinal injuries. ○ Endoscopy: Assesses gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tract diseases, and can obtain biopsies. ○ Nuclear Scintigraphy: Uses radioactive material to assess organ function and detect bone abnormalities, especially in horses.  6. Genetic and Molecular Testing ○ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifies DNA/RNA to detect bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. ○ DNA Sequencing: Identifies pathogens and tracks outbreaks. ○ Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Infectious Diseases: Techniques like LAMP and qPCR are used for diagnosing zoonotic diseases (e.g., rabies, brucellosis, tuberculosis) and monitoring antimicrobial resistance. ○ Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Analysis: Useful for identifying disease susceptibility and performance traits in animals. 7. Differential Diagnosis ○ Systematic process for identifying an illness by ruling out other potential conditions. ○ Steps: 1. History Taking 2. Clinical Examination 3. Development of a List of Differential Diagnoses 4. Diagnostic Testing 5. Ongoing Evaluation Differential Diagnosis Examples 1. Diseases Causing Hypersalivation (Excessive Drooling) in Dogs and Other Animals Condition Key Diagnostic Transmission/Sourc Definitive Symptoms Clues e Diagnosis Rabies Foaming, History of recent Bite from infected Brain tissue aggression, bite, progressive animal examination paralysis, fear neurological (postmortem) of water signs Canine Coughing, Incomplete Inhalation of viral PCR, Distemper nasal vaccination particles blood/urine discharge, history tests, blood vomiting, smears neurological signs Foreign Pawing at History of Ingestion of foreign Endoscopy or Body mouth, chewing on material radiographs gagging, objects drooling Oral/Dental Drooling, bad Visible tartar, Poor dental hygiene, Oral Disease breath, gum infection examination, reluctance to inflammation dental X-rays eat Toxicity Drooling, Recent exposure Ingestion or topical Blood toxicology, vomiting, to chemicals or exposure history of seizures, plants exposure lethargy Heatstroke Drooling, rapid Exposure to high Prolonged heat Body breathing, temperatures exposure temperature, hyperthermia clinical signs, blood work  Tetanus Stiffness, Wound history, Entry through wounds, Clinical signs, spasms, muscle rigidity contaminated soil history, response drooling to tetanus antitoxin Nausea Drooling, lip Related to car Motion sickness or GI Clinical signs, licking, vomiting rides, disease imaging, GI gastrointestinal testing upset Oral Excessive Visible mass in Unknown, risk Biopsy, Tumors salivation, bad oral cavity increases with age histopathology breath, oral bleeding 2. Differential Diagnosis for Brucellosis vs. Other Causes of Abortion in Cattle Condition Key Diagnostic Clues Transmission/Sour Definitive Symptom ce Diagnosis s Brucellosis Late-term Abortion storms, Ingestion of Blood culture, Rose abortion, zoonotic, contaminated Bengal test, PCR on retained reproductive materials fetal tissues placenta issues Leptospirosis Abortion Abortions in late Contact with Serology, PCR, at any pregnancy, infected urine microscopy, stage, systemic illness urine/fetal isolation jaundice, fever Neosporosis Mid-to Common in dairy Ingestion of ELISA, PCR on fetal late-term cattle, no systemic contaminated tissues, abortion signs feed/water histopathology Infectious Abortion Fever, respiratory Contact with PCR, virus isolation, Bovine during late disease, necrotic infected animals serology Rhinotracheiti pregnancy placentitis s (IBR) Bovine Viral Abortion Immunosuppressio Contact with PCR, ELISA, virus Diarrhea at any n, herd respiratory persistently infected isolation, fetal Virus (BVDV) stage, issues animals immunohistochemist weak ry calves Listeriosis Late-term Neurological signs, Ingestion of Culture or PCR on abortion, placentitis, fetal contaminated silage fetal tissues, encephalit autolysis placenta, discharge is Coxiellosis (Q Late-term Necrotic placental Inhalation or PCR on placental Fever) abortion, lesions, zoonotic ingestion of tissues, serology respiratory risk contaminated signs materials Salmonellosis Late-term Associated with Fecal-oral from Culture from feces or abortion, feed/water contaminated placental samples, diarrhea, contamination sources PCR fever Key Points: Brucellosis: Late-term abortions, zoonotic, and significant reproductive impacts. Leptospirosis: Can cause abortions at any pregnancy stage, with systemic signs like jaundice.  Neosporosis: Often linked to dairy cattle and dogs as the definitive hosts. IBR & BVDV: Viral infections causing abortions, commonly with respiratory or GI symptoms. Listeriosis & Salmonellosis: Environmental contaminants associated with abortion and systemic illneses Principles of Animal Diseases - Treatment Methods I. Spectrum of Care in Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medicinal Products: Substances used for treating, preventing, or modifying disease in animals through pharmacological, immunological, or metabolic action. ○ Safety: Ensures minimal harm to animals and handlers. ○ Efficacy: Drugs must effectively treat specific conditions in intended species. ○ Types of Presentation: Includes injections, oral doses, topical applications, and more. Spectrum of Care in Veterinary Medicine - Therapeutic Plans Therapeutic Plans: Focus on alleviating illness/injury. Key Patient Information: Basic history collection includes species, gender, age, weight, medical conditions, treatment history, and current concerns. Personalized Care: Treatment options based on animal and owner circumstances, periodically reviewed. Veterinary Medicinal Products Selection Factors Considerations: Appropriate dose, route, form, public health, and owner’s financial preferences. Classification: Prescription drugs vs. over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Veterinary Therapeutic Medicines 1. Antimicrobials: For bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. ○ Selection based on infection site, species metabolism, and antimicrobial policies.  2. Parasiticides: For internal and external parasites. Safe, easily administered, and economically accessible. 3. Rehydration & Electrolyte Products: Replaces fluids and corrects imbalances; administration route depends on severity. 4. Antiseptics & Disinfectants: For wound care and equipment; broad-spectrum activity, safe for animals. 5. Hormones: Addresses reproductive issues. 6. Anti-Inflammatories, Sedatives, Cardiovascular, GI Drugs, and Immunological Products: Target specific health areas in various species. Veterinary Therapeutic Medicines - Safety and Efficacy Safety: Drugs must avoid harm to animals, humans, and the environment; adherence to withdrawal periods for food animals. Efficacy: Thorough testing to ensure real-life effectiveness, with considerations for drug structure, species, and administration method. Veterinary Therapeutic Medicines - Types of Presentation Injections: Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal. Intramammary: For mastitis treatment. Intrauterine: For reproductive treatments.  Oral liquids and solids: Includes tablets, capsules, pastes, and gels. Topical Applications: Dips, sprays, and creams. Suppositories and Aerosols: Specific for targeted treatments. 1. Principles of Animal Diseases – Treatment Methods II Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU): Use of drugs beyond approved labeling under veterinarian guidance, addressing unique species needs. ○ Conditions: Valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship, specific animal health needs, and approved drugs unavailable in required forms. ○ Restrictions: Avoid illegal residues in food animals; certain drugs are prohibited in food-producing animals. Veterinary Medicinal Products: Selection based on dosage, administration route, regulatory constraints, and owner’s financial and practical considerations. 2. Management of Soft Tissue Injuries Wound Care Principles: Key objectives are preventing infection, promoting healing, and minimizing complications. Classify wounds by contamination levels. Antibiotic Usage: Topical antibiotics most effective within five minutes of injury; systemic antibiotics reserved due to antimicrobial resistance concerns. Antiseptic Sprays and Drains: Effective alternatives for minor wounds; drains help reduce wound dehiscence in serious injuries. Wound Bandages: Three-layered bandages with padding, conforming, and cohesive layers are ideal. Risks include contamination and pressure loss if not regularly changed. Gel Barriers: Provide a waterproof, protective layer supporting granulation tissue. Frequency of application depends on wound severity. 3. Wound Management Materials Material Innovations: Liquid bandages and polymers reduce contamination risks and support healing. Gel barriers offer an alternative for various wound types, applied according to wound needs. 4. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Widely used therapies include acupuncture, aromatherapy, herbal medicine, homeopathy, and physiotherapy. Emphasis on using these as complementary rather than alternative options to conventional treatments. Veterinary Acupuncture: Effective for musculoskeletal, neurological, respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, and some reproductive conditions. Must be administered by licensed veterinarians with proper training to avoid masking symptoms. Aromatherapy: Essential oils with antiseptic, analgesic, and antibacterial properties used for wound healing and respiratory issues.  Herbal Medicine: Categorized based on their actions (inducing body response, supportive, detoxifying). Usage requires experienced practitioners to prevent toxicity. Homeopathy: Utilizes highly diluted substances, categorized into first aid, organ/system, pathological, and constitutional prescribing. Leaves minimal residue in farm products. Physiotherapy: Involves manual techniques, electrotherapy, and hydrotherapy, especially beneficial for animals in athletic roles or with joint issues.