Intro to the Human Body PDF Notes

Intro to the Human Body BIOL 1190: Ch1- Dr. Katelyn Janzen Outline  Anatomy and Physiology Defined (1.1)  Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (1.2)  Characteristics of Living Humans (1.3)  Homeostasis (1.4)  Basic Anatomical Terminology (1.5)  Medical Imaging (1.7)  Self-S...

Intro to the Human Body BIOL 1190: Ch1- Dr. Katelyn Janzen Outline  Anatomy and Physiology Defined (1.1)  Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (1.2)  Characteristics of Living Humans (1.3)  Homeostasis (1.4)  Basic Anatomical Terminology (1.5)  Medical Imaging (1.7)  Self-Study Learning Outcomes  Define and give examples of what anatomy and physiology study (1.1)  Name and briefly describe the levels of organization of the human body and the eleven systems of the human body (1.2 – 1.3)  Describe the properties shared by all living things (1.3)  Explain the concept of homeostasis and how it works, including negative feedback and positive feedback (1.4)  Use basic anatomic terminology including terms to describe body positions, names of body regions, directional terms, planes and sections, and body cavities (1.5)  Describe how different medical imaging procedures work and the pros and cons of each. (1.7) Self-Study Anatomy and Physiology Defined Describe Anatomy and Physiology in your own words What is anatomy?  Anatomy is the study of ______________  Science of ____________and relationships between them What is physiology?  Physiology is the study of ________________  Science of ____________  Form and function are interrelated True for EVERYTHING, not only living things  Think about it:  How does the structure of ______________ relate to its function??  To learn about the human body, we need to study both anatomy and physiology together Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems  Levels of Organization  __________ level  Atoms and molecules  C,H,P,O,N,S (Ca2+)  __________ level  Basic structural and functional units  ___________level  Cells plus surrounding structures  Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous tissues  __________level  Two or more tissues that work together  ___________ level  Related organs with a common function  ___________ level  Levels of Organization EXTRACELLULAR MATERIAL AND FLUIDS combine The levels of organization in the body, with the four primary to form tissue types highlighted CELLS combine interact to form in EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE NEURAL TISSUE From Visual Anatomy & Physiology, 1e Martini/Ober/Nath Organ systems of the Human Body  The human body has 11 organ systems which work together to form a human  Organ system: an association of organs that have a common ______________  Each organ system has more than one function  Organ systems are interdependent  An organ system is greater than the sum of its parts Need to know these!! The Integumentary System (Chapter 5)  Covers and protects the body against physical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, or water loss  The Skeletal System (Chapters 6-9)  Supports the body, protects organs, and provides a framework for ______________  The Muscular System (Chapters 10-11)  _____________body, maintains posture, and produces heat  The Cardiovascular System (Chapters 19-21)  Transports nutrients, _____________, and wastes around the body  The Respiratory System (Chapter 23)  Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and _______________  The Lymphatic (and Immune) System(s) Chapter 23  Protects the body from pathogens; aids in transport Terminology  Vocabulary list  Keep a running vocabulary list throughout the semester to help you master the language  Spelling is important  Changing even one letter may change which structure you are referring to  E.g., Ilium vs. Ileum  E.g., Peritoneum vs Perineum  E.g., Hemostasis vs Homeostasis  Terminology is powerful! Understanding the meanings of word roots provides insights into new words  Assignment (due by the beginning of the first class next week) Characteristics of the Living Human What characteristics/processes distinguish organisms from non-living things? Six Basic Life Processes  Metabolism  The total of all chemical reactions that occur in the body  ___________ and Anabolism  Responsiveness  Ability to detect and ___________to external and internal stimuli  Movement  Move in response to goals, either at the whole-body level, organ level, cellular level, or organelle level  Growth  Increase in body size due to increase in individual cell size and/or number of cells  Differentiation  Change from unspecialized (stem cells) to a ______________ state  Reproduction  Life giving rise to life, at both cellular an organism levels Homeostasis Homeostasis: A key underlying concept of physiology  Homeostasis is the active maintenance of ___________, or relatively stable internal conditions, despite fluctuation of the external environment  For cells to survive, the volume and composition of the interstitial fluids must be precisely maintained at all times  Many parameters need to stay _________________  Blood pressure, blood volume, blood glucose levels, electrolytes, hormone levels, oxygen concentration, concentration of carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, etc.,  The levels of these do not STAY constant – they are always fluctuating up and down  The body is continually working towards maintaining homeostasis Control of homeostasis  Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or independently  Detect external and internal stimuli and trigger actions that counteract changes  What are some examples of external and internal stimuli?  The nervous system detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption  The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones  Nerve impulses cause ________ changes, hormones usually work more slowly Feedback systems (Feedback Loops)  Think about it…  What components are necessary for any detection/response system?  Hint: think about heating/cooling system in a building?  What is required for it to work properly? Feedback systems (Feedback Loops)  Feedback systems are vital to the maintenance of homeostasis  A feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a ______________is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region  Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a __________ Components of Feedback systems  ________________  Continually monitors a controlled condition  Sends information to control center  Control center  Determines the set point and the next action  Receives info from sensors and coordinates a response  _________________  Exerts the response  Receives directions from the control center  Produces a response that changes the controlled condition Homeostasis depends on Negative feedback  Most of the known control mechanisms of homeostasis are based on negative feedback  Negative feedback – a change that triggers a response that ___________the initial change  Prevents small changes from becoming too large  Stabilizes the system, maintaining parameters at a set point Negative feedback  Most of the known control mechanisms of homeostasis are based on negative feedback  Negative feedback: mechanisms restore the system to normal by reversing a change in a controlled condition  If a response__________ the original stimulus, the system is a negative feedback system  Prevents small changes from becoming too large  Stabilizes the system, maintaining parameters at a set point  In a negative feedback loop, the output reverses the original stimulus, thereby helping bring the system back to homeostasis Positive feedback  Positive feedback: systems that reinforce a move away from normal, by reinforcing a change in the controlled condition  Can only be turned off by something external to the system  If a response __________ the original stimulus, the system is a positive feedback system  In a positive feedback loop, the output acts to further increase the original stimulus (snowball effect) Homeostatic imbalances  What would happen if homeostasis was NOT maintained?  Homeostatic imbalances: disruption of homeostasis  can lead to disorders, disease, or even death  Disorder – general term for any change or abnormality of structure or function  Disease – more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms  Can be local or systemic  Most diseases are due to failures of feedback mechanisms  Too high/too low…  Too much/too little  Example of Homeostatic imbalances  Glucose levels are maintained between 70-110 mg/mL in blood plasma What happens of blood glucose regulatory mechanisms fail? Blurred vision, weight What pathological High blood glucose = loss, recurrent conditions can result Hyperglycermia infections, frequent from prolonged hunger/thirst/urination hyperglycemia? Confusion, loss of Low blood consciousness, glucose = seizures, coma, Hypoglycemia or death Basic Anatomical Terminology Body Positions  Anatomical Position: a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references  When in the anatomical position, the subject is:  Standing upright  Facing the observer, head level  Eyes facing forward  Feet flat on the floor  Arms at the sides  Palms turned forward (ventral)  If the body is lying _____________, it is in the prone position  If the body is lying _____________, it is in the supine position Regional Terms Need to know all of these!  Names given to specific regions of the body for reference What is the anatomical term for the head? What is the anatomical term for the wrist?  Directional terms  Used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another Note the differences between four-legged and two-legged species  Directional terms (Table in Exhibit 1 in textbook) Directional Term Definition Example of Use Toward the head, or the upper part of a Superior (soo’-PĒR-ē-or) structure. Not used in reference to relative The heart is superior to the liver. (cephalic or cranial) positions within the limbs. Away from the head, or the lower part of a Inferior (in-FĒ-rē-or) (caudal) structure. Not used in reference to relative The stomach is inferior to the lungs. positions within the limbs. The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the Anterior (an-TĒR-ē-or) (ventral)* Nearer to or at the front of the body. heart. The esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the Posterior (pos-TĒR-ē-or) (dorsal) Nearer to or at the back of the body. trachea (windpipe). Nearer to the midline (an imaginary Medial (MĒ-dē-al) longitudinal line that divides the body The ulna is medial to the radius. externally into equal right and left sides). Lateral (LAT-er-al) Farther from the midline. The lungs are lateral to the heart. The transverse colon is intermediate to the Intermediate (in’-ter-MĒ-dē-at) Between two structures. ascending and descending colons. On the same side of the body as another The gallbladder and ascending colon are Ipsilateral (ip-si-LAT-er-al) structure. ipsilateral. On the opposite side of the body from The ascending and descending colons are Contralateral (KON-tra-lat-er-al) another structure. contralateral. Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the Proximal (PROK-si-mal) trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure. radius. Farther from the attachment of a limb to the The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to Distal (DIS-tal) trunk; farther from the origination of a the carpals (wrist bones). structure. Superficial (soo’-per-FISH-al) (external) Toward or on the surface of the body. The ribs are superficial to the lungs. The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest Deep (Internal) Away from the surface of the body. and back. *Note that the terms anterior and ventral mean the same thing in humans. However, in four-legged animals ventral refers to the belly side and is therefore inferior. Similarly, the terms posterior and dorsal mean the same thing in humans, but in four-legged animals dorsal refers to the back side and is therefore superior Need to know all of these! Directional Terms - Practice  The intestine is __________ to the lungs Directional Terms - Practice The esophagus is _________ to the trachea The lungs are __________ to the heart The phalanges are __________ to the carpals The spine is ___________ to the skin  Planes and sections Need to know all of these!  The body can be divided along a number of planes:  Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body Sagittal planes: divide the body or the organ into left and right  Also called Median/paramedian Coronal planes: (or frontal planes) planes are divisions of __________ and __________ portions Transverse planes are divisions between _________and ___________ Oblique planes pass through the body at any other angle Body Cavities  Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, or support internal structures Need to know all of these! Serous Membranes  Thin, double-layered membranes that line any body cavity that does NOT open to the exterior  Visceral layer  Covers and adheres to the viscera  Viscera refers to the organs within the thoracic and abdomopelvic cavities  Parietal layer  Small space (cavity) between the layers contains _____________, which provides lubrication to reduce friction Serous Membranes: Thoracic Cavity  Pericardium covers the heart  Visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium pericardial cavity between  Pleura covers the lungs  Visceral pleura and parietal pleura, pleural cavity between  There are 2 pleural cavities  Mediastinum = anatomical region containing all thoracic organs except the lungs Abdominopelvic Cavity  Diaphragm separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity  Subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities  Serous membrane that lines the viscera in the abdominal cavity is the __________________  Visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum, with the peritoneal cavity between  Retroperitoneal organs are posterior to the peritoneum, rather than being surrounded by it  Kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colons Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants  Used to describe the locations of the many abdominal and pelvic organs  Two major methods:  4 lines dividing the cavity into ___ regions  Two lines dividing the cavity into ______________ Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants  Medical Imaging Self study – Text 1.7 For each technique know: How does each technique work? What is each primarily used for? What are the pros and cons of each?