Introduction To Psychology Midterms A.Y. 2023-2024 PDF

Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A Introduction To Neural - Also has its basic parts....

Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A Introduction To Neural - Also has its basic parts. - Cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, Communication which are essential for all tasks of the nervous system. BIOPSYCHOLOGY - Its outer part is a semi-permeable membrane. - Any part of the body especially the brain - Semi-permeable – “Choosy”. It allows affects the behavior or brain. certain smaller molecules and other electrically charged molecules. CELLS IN THE NEURAL SYSTEM TWO BASIC CELL TYPES – Glial and Neurons. DIAGRAM OF A NEURON (NEURON STRUCTURE) GLIAL CELLS - Supporting Cells. - Provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport. - Nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport. CELL MEMBRANE (NEURONAL MEMBRANE) - Outer surface, semipermeable - Allows certain smaller molecules and other electrocharged molecules. CELL BODY (SOMA) - Where the nucleus is. - The body of neurons. - The nucleus is located inside the soma. DENDRITE NEURONS - Branches of soma, the one that gets - (right) Act as interconnected information information, interact with another neuron processors. through synaptic terminals, and the - Essential in all of the tasks of the nervous button of other neurons receives system. information. - Building blocks of the nervous system. - Gets and collects information. JANAH ABRAHAM 1  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A - It interacts with the terminal buttons of NEURON STRUCTURE: SYNAPSES, other neurons. NEUROTRANSMITTERS, AND RECEPTORS - Branch-like extension of the soma that SYNAPSE OR SYNAPTIC CLEFT receives incoming signals from other - Space between two neurons and site of neurons. communication. - The Gap in between. AXON HILLOCK - Between dendrites and synaptic terminal. - Connects the soma and axon. SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN THE SYNAPTIC AXON TERMINAL - The elongated part, an extension of soma, - Storage of neurotransmitters. ends in terminal buttons and gives - Vesicles release neurotransmitters to impulse and information to the dendrite. connect to the dendrite. - Major extension part of the soma. - Gives information and impulse to the NEUROTRANSMITTERS dendrites. - Chemical messengers that bind to receptors on the next neuron. MYELIN SHEATH - Key - Fatty substances produced by the glial cells are found along the axon and act as RECEPTORS an insulator. - Proteins on the cell surface where - Fatty substance that insulates axons. neurotransmitters attach, vary in shape, - The process is accelerated due to saltatory with different shapes “matching” different conduction or jumping motion of neurotransmitters. electrochemical impulses due to myelin - Lock sheath. - It coats the axon and only runs inside the axon. - It tends to jump. - Saltatory Conduction – the jumping movement. NODES OF RANVIER - Gaps between myelin sheath, serve to increase conduction speed even more. TERMINAL BUTTONS (SYNAPTIC TERMINAL) - Vesicles that contain neurotransmitters. - The toe of the neuron. - The toe of the neuron. - Contains vesicles and neurotransmitters. JANAH ABRAHAM 2  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A How Neurons Communicate PRESENCE OF IONS - Determines the charge of fluids - Extracellular Fluid - has a higher concentration of positive ions. - Intracellular Fluid - has a higher concentration of negative ions (resting membrane). RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL At resting potential, Na+ is more highly concentrated outside the cell in the extracellular fluid, whereas K+ is - No action. more highly concentrated near the membrane in the - No impulse. cytoplasm or intracellular fluid. Other molecules, such - State of the membrane. as chloride ions and negatively charged proteins - Between signals, the neuron membrane’s (brown squares), contribute to u positive net charge in potential is held in a state of readiness the extracellular fluid and a negative net charge in the - Ions in high-concentration areas are ready intracellular fluid. to move to low-concentration areas, and positive ions are ready to move to areas with a negative charge. - For example: NEURONAL MEMBRANE sodium line up; ready to spring - Semi-permeable into action - A shield the membrane wakes up when - It allows extracellular and intracellular there is a signal; the sodium- fluid apart. potassium pump will be activated - It allows extracellular and intracellular to that allows ions to enter and get have different charges. out of the cell Sodium will go inside o The neurons are floating in fluid: Potassium will go outside Extracellular fluid - Positive net charge. Fluid outside the cell. Surrounded. Intracellular fluid (cytoplasm) – Negative net charge. Fluid inside the cell. Contains. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL - Difference of charge across the membrane - Provides energy for the signal; to have propulsion of electrochemical energy. - Propulsion – the movement of the electrical chemical signal. JANAH ABRAHAM 3  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP - The gate - The membrane becomes active if there is a signal. If there’s a signal, the sodium- potassium pump will activate and allow ions to move. OTHER TERMS TO REMEMBER The site where dendrites receive signals from other neurons is the SYNAPSE. This information is then processed in the CELL BODY (SOMA), and if the signal is strong enough, the message is pushed through and travels down the AXON. The signal travels from the end of the axon to the TERMINAL BUTTONS, where the signal triggers neurotransmitters to be released, passing through the synaptic cleft on the DENDRITE of another neuron. The NEUROTRANSMITTER and the RECEPTOR have what is referred to as a lock-and-key relationship—specific neurotransmitters fit specific receptors similar to how a key fits a lock. The neurotransmitter binds to any receptor that it fits. JANAH ABRAHAM 4  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A The Nervous System - The Somatic Nervous System has two parts: MOTOR NEURONS and SENSORY NEURONS The nervous system can be divided into two major Motor Neurons subdivisions: the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the ▪ Carrying information from PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM the Central nervous system to the muscles - Efferent fibers – “moving away from”. Exit. Motor – Efferent. Sensory Neurons ▪ Carrying sensory information to the Central Nervous System – Afferent fibers – “moving toward”. Arrive. Sensory – Afferent. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside - Consists of a thick bundle of axons – the realm of voluntary control nerves - Controls the function of our organs and - Carrying messages back and forth glands. between the Central Nervous System and the muscles, organs, and senses in the - Divided into two: SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS periphery of the body. SYSTEM and PARASYMPATHETIC - Two major subdivisions: Somatic Nervous NERVOUS SYSTEM System and Autonomic Nervous System. Sympathetic Nervous System ▪ Involved in preparing the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM body for stress-related - Associated with activities traditionally activities thought of as conscious or voluntary. ▪ activated when we are - It is involved in the relay of sensory and faced with stressful or motor information to and from the high-arousal situations - Central Nervous System. adaptive for our - It consists of sensory neurons and motor ancestors, increasing their neurons. chances of survival - Transmits sensory and motor signals to ▪ “Fight or flight response” - and from the central nervous system. activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous JANAH ABRAHAM 5  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety. ▪ To preserve life. Parasympathetic Nervous System ▪ Associated with returning the body to routine, day- to-day operations ▪ Once the threat has been resolved, the parasympathetic nervous system takes over and returns bodily functions to a relaxed state. ▪ Activation is associated with normal functioning under relaxed conditions. The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body’s “Homeostasis”. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. JANAH ABRAHAM 6  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A The Endocrine System (in the endocrine system). Imbalances in hormones are related to a number of disorders. - Hormones influence behavior, and behavior can sometimes influence hormone concentrations. MAJOR GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PITUITARY GLAND - Descends from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. - “Master gland” - Its messenger hormones control all the other glands in the endocrine system. - Also secretes growth hormone, - The study of psychology and the endorphins for pain relief, and a number of key hormones that regulate fluid levels endocrine system is called BEHAVIORAL in the body. ENDOCRINOLOGY. - The Endocrine System consists of a series - Hormones that it releases affects other of glands that produce chemical glands. substances known as HORMONES. THYROID GLAND - Located in the neck. HORMONES - Releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite. - Like neurotransmitters, hormones are - Thyroxine – hormone. chemical messengers that must bind to a - Grave’s Disease – too much activity. receptor in order to send their signal. - In hyperthyroidism or Grave’s disease, the - Hormones are secreted into the thyroid secretes too much of the hormone bloodstream and travel throughout the thyroxine, causing agitation, bulging eyes, body, affecting any cells that contain and weight loss. receptors for them. - In hypothyroidism, reduced hormone - Effects of hormones are widespread. levels cause sufferers to experience - Hormones are slower to take effect and tiredness, and they often complain of tend to be longer lasting. feeling cold. - Hormones regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of ADRENAL GLAND individuals. - Sits atop our kidneys and secrete - Hormones are involved in regulating all hormones involved in the stress response sorts of bodily functions, and they are - Involved during stress response. ultimately controlled through interactions - Produces Adrenaline. between the hypothalamus (in the central nervous system) and the pituitary gland JANAH ABRAHAM 7  Introduction To Psychology PSYC 1013 – 1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2023-2024 BS PSYCHOLOGY – 1A - Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline). PANCREAS - Regulation of Sugar. - An internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon. - These pancreatic hormones are essential for maintaining stable levels of blood sugar throughout the day by lowering blood glucose levels (insulin) or raising them (glucagon). - People who suffer from diabetes do not produce enough insulin; therefore, they must take medications that stimulate or replace insulin production, and they must closely control the amount of sugar and carbohydrates they consume. - Three signs of Diabetes: Polyuria (Urine), Polydipsia (Water), and Polyphagia (Eating). GONADS - Secrete sexual hormones, which are important in reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior. - The female gonads are the ovaries; the male gonads are the testes. - Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone, and the testes secrete androgens, such as testosterone. JANAH ABRAHAM 8