Intro-to-Pharma-for-PDF-2024-2025.pdf

Introduction to Nursing Pharmacology JEPREY C. AÑANO Instructor. Course Requirements Regular attendance Active class participation Lecture notebook Quizzes every after the discussion of the concept Compilation of Drug Study Major examinations. Offici...

Introduction to Nursing Pharmacology JEPREY C. AÑANO Instructor. Course Requirements Regular attendance Active class participation Lecture notebook Quizzes every after the discussion of the concept Compilation of Drug Study Major examinations. Official Reference Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professionals Eight Edition Bruce Colbert and Ruth Woodrow. Official Reference Nursing Drug Handbook Latest edition Any author and publishing company. Course Syllabus Course Code: NCM 106 Course Title: Pharmacology Number of Units: 3 Units Total Number of Hours: 54 hours lecture Prerequisite/Co-requisite: None. Schedule: TBA Modality: Blended (Face-to-face and online) Room: AVR. Course Description This course will deal with the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and clinical/ therapeutic uses of drugs in health promotion, disease prevention, restoration and maintenance, and rehabilitation of clients across the lifespan utilizing the nursing process. Emphasis is given on the nursing responsibilities related to safe drug administration through medication monitoring and client education. It also include complementary and alternative therapies. The learners are expected to develop beginning skills in the safe administration of medication.. Pharmacology Pharmacology (from pharmakon, the Greek word for drug) is the study of drugs (substances that produce changes in the body) and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms. Pharmacology can be studied at multiple ways: Pharmacy involves manufacture, preparation, and dispensing of drugs. Toxicology is the study of harmful rather than therapeutic effects. Clinical Pharmacology is the study of drugs in human patients.. Nurses deal with pharmacotherapeutics, or clinical pharmacology, the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to teat, prevent, and diagnose disease. Clinical pharmacology addresses two key concerns: the drug’s effects on the body and the body’s effects to the drugs.. Drug’s Nomenclature Chemical name- a scientific name that precisely describes its atomic and molecular structure. Generic Name- an abbreviation of the chemical name – a.k.a. the nonproprietary name because it is not restricted by trademark. – Used worldwide as established through WHO Trade name (a.k.a. brand name or proprietary name) – selected by the drug company selling the product. – Trade Names are protected by copyright with the symbol ®. Drug Nomenclature Samples Chemical Name Generic Name Trade Name Acetylsalicyclic Aspirin Ecotrin ® Ethyl 1-methyl 4- Meperidine Demerol ® pheyli-sonipecotate hydrochloride 7-chloro-1, 3- Diazepam Valium ® dihydro-1- methyl- 5 phenyl 2H-1, 4- benzodiazepine 2- one. Remember… To avoid confusion, it’s best to use a drug’s generic name because any one drug can have a number of trade name... Official Reference Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professionals Eight Edition Bruce Colbert and Ruth Woodrow. Legal Terms Referring to Drugs Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs- No purchasing restrictions by the FDA; acetaminophen, ibuprofen, NSAIDs. Prescription Drugs- determined unsafe for OTC purchase because of possible harmful side effects if taken indiscriminately; antibiotics, cardiac drugs, and hormones. Controlled Drugs- controlled by prescription requirements because of the danger of addiction or abuse; Valium, codeine. Drug Sources Plants- the leaves, roots, bulb, stem, seeds, buds, and blossoms. Lagundi, morphine Animals- body fluids or glands of animals e.g. insulin, enzymes, and vaccines, thyroid hormone Minerals- occurs in nature or are combined with other ingredients. Iron, iodine, magnesium, potassium Synthetic- laboratory-made drugs like ranitidine, co-trimoxazole Genetically engineered- Hepatitis B vaccine, Humulin. Terms Indicating Drug Actions Indications- a list of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used. Benadryl- allergic rhinitis, mild allergic skin reaction Actions- description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug. Benadryl as an antihistamine competes with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells. Contraindications- list of conditions for which the drug should not be given. Benadryl is contraindicated on breastfeeding and hypersensitivity.. Terms Indicating Drug Actions Side-effects- list of possible unpleasant secondary effects, other than the desired effects. Dizziness, disturbed coordination, anorexia, etc… Adverse effects – list of possible dangerous or harmful effects; trouble with breathing, seizures, etc. Interactions- list of other drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy; monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors will intensify the effects of Benadryl.. Implication to Student Nurses. Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professionals Eight Edition Bruce Colbert and Ruth Woodrow. Official Reference Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Professionals Eight Edition Bruce Colbert and Ruth Woodrow  Pharmacokinetics. (what the body does to a drug) Kinetics means “movement” Deals with a drug’s actions as it moves through the body. Discusses how a drug is: Absorbed (taken into the blood) Distributed (moved into the various tissues) Metabolized (changed into a form that can be excreted) Excreted (removed from the body). Key terms Onset of action is the time it takes for the drug to reach its minimum effective concentration. Peak effect occurs when the drug is exerting its maximum effect and is at the highest concentration. Duration of action is the length of time that the drug remains above its minimum effective concentration.. Absorption This covers a drug’s progress from the time it’s administered, through its passage to the tissues, until it reaches systemic circulation. All administration routes (except the intravenous route) require the drug to go through absorption.. Factors affecting Absorption Route of administration – Speed of absorption depends whether the drug is administered orally, sublingually, by inhalation, or by subcutaneous, IM. Gastrointestinal system condition – Section of the small intestine is surgically removed, drug absorption is decreased. Liver Condition – Drugs absorbed by the small intestine are transported to the liver before being circulated to the rest of the body, – The liver metabolize much of the drug before it enters the circulation. – This mechanism is referred to as the first pass effect. – Lower the amount of active drug (bioavailable) released in the systemic circulation.. Cont… Blood Supply – Increased blood flow to absorption site improves drug absorption, whereas reduced blood flow decreases absorption. – IM and subcutaneous; sublingual Pain and stress – Pain and stress can decrease the amount of drug absorbed because autonomic response to pain. Drug form – Drug formulation (such as tablets, capsule, liquids, sustained release formulas) affects the drug absorption rate.. Distribution Drug distribution is the process by which the drug is delivered from the systemic circulation to body tissues or target cells.. Factors Affecting Distribution Blood Flow – The drug is quickly distributed to organs with a large supply of blood. Solubility – Depends on whether the drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs can’t. – Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.. Metabolism Aka. Biotransformation Biotransformation is the process by which a drug is enzymatically converted to a simpler compound or deactivated. It occurs in the liver, so that persons with liver disease will have difficulty metabolizing drugs.. Factors Affecting Metabolism Liver condition – Liver cirrhosis- reduce metabolism Age – Extreme of ages are associated with reduced rate of metabolism. Life-style – Smoking and alcohol intake. Excretion Is the process by which the drug is removed from the body along with its metabolism. The most important excretion routes are through the kidney and liver. Other routes include respiration through the lungs, sweating, or milk in nursing mothers. Most drugs are eliminated in the kidneys, so elimination is highly influenced by its function.. Cont.… If the kidneys are not eliminating properly, the parent drug and metabolites accumulate and can cause prolonged action or toxicity. Carefully assess the renal effects of all drugs- nephrotoxic drugs Intestinal – The unabsorbed drug will be excreted directly from the intestinal tract.. The rate at which a drug is eliminated by the body is known as drug clearance. This process is influenced greatly by the renal function, which is often measured by creatinine clearance (BUN and Creatinine).. Monitoring of Drug Half-life The amount of time required for half of the drug to leave the system is known as the drug half-life. It is the time for the 50% of the drug in the plasma to be eliminated, or the blood concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%. This information is important for appropriate timing for a drug dose or determining the duration of a drug’s effect on the body.. Tolerance- when a patient develops a decreased response to a drug over time. The patient then requires larger doses to produce the same response. Dependence- patient displays a physical or psychological need for the drug.. Here. Synthesis Enumerate and explain the different processes involved in pharmacokinetics. Explain the implications of understanding the concepts of pharmacokinetics in nursing practice.. Thank you…