Cytogenetics Introduction PDF

CYTOGENETICS INTRODUCTION TO CYTOGENETICS evolution and other non-scientific teaching. Clinical Laboratory (Pathology) Hematology...

CYTOGENETICS INTRODUCTION TO CYTOGENETICS evolution and other non-scientific teaching. Clinical Laboratory (Pathology) Hematology Genetics - the study of blood and blood disorders. - from Ancient Greek genetikos - deals with the concepts and principles of (“genitive”) & genesis (“origin) hemostasis, and abnormalities involving - a discipline of biology; RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. - the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. Blood Bank - the study of blood transfusion. Clinical Laboratory Medicine - tackles the concept of inheritance, - focused on 2 Subspecialties of Genetics: characterization, and laboratory a) human genetics- the study of identification of red cells antigens and heredity in man. their corresponding antibodies. b) medical genetics- the study of human genetic variation of medical Serology/Immunology significance. - the study of antibody and antigen interactions. EVOLUTION THEORY VS. CREATION THEORY - Belgian priest Georges Lemaitre first Clinical Chemistry suggested the Big Bang Theory in the - the biochemical analysis of body fluids in 1920s, when he theorized that the support of the diagnosis and treatment universe began from single primordial of disease. atom. Clinical Microscopy THE BIG BANG THEORY proposes: - the analysis and study of urine and other a) the universe began as an extremely hot non-blood bodily fluids. and dense dot only a few millimeters wide. Microbiology b) it since grew over 13.7 billion years into - the study of biology and microscopic the vast and cooler expanding cosmos organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, that presently exists. parasites, etc. c) it poses that the universe initially expanded far faster than the speed of Special Chemistry: Cytogenetics light (inflation) and grew from a - the science that combines the methods subatomic size to a golf-ball size almost and findings of cytology and genetics to instantaneously. allow the investigation of heredity at the d) it took quite a bit more than seven days cellular level, through careful evaluation to create the universe as we know it of the chromosomes. today. GENETICS: ORIGIN & SIGNIFICANCE CREATION THEORY - An explanation of how the genes came 1st Day (Sunday)= into being & how it produced different Genesis 1 King James Version (KJV) races maybe puzzling…. 1 In the beginning God created the heaven and - Not uncommon to hear people the earth. responding to this question with false 3 And God said, let there be light: and there was explanations which have roots in light.  CYTOGENETICS 5And God called the light Day, and the darkness 31 And the evening and the morning were the He called Night. And the evening and the sixth day. morning were the first day. 7 And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the 2nd Day (Monday)= breath of life; and man became a living soul. 7 And God made the firmament, and divided the (Ground + breath of life = living soul) waters which were under the firmament from 19 And out of the ground the Lord God formed the waters which were above the firmament… every beast of the filed, and every fowl of the air; 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the and brought unto Adam to see what he would evening and the morning were the second call them: and whatsoever Adam called every day. living creature, that was the name thereof. 3rd Day (Tuesday)= 7th Day (Saturday)= 9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven Genesis 2 be gathered together unto one place Seas), and 2 And on the seventh day God ended and rested let the dry land appear (Earth)… from all His work which He had made. 11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, 3 And God blessed the seventh day, and the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree... sanctified it: because that in it He had rested 12 and God saw that it was good. from all His work which God created and made. 13 And the evening and the morning were the 4 These are the generations of the heavens and third day. of the earth when they were created. 4th Day (Wednesday)= - considered to be the birthday of the 16 And God made two great lights (sun & world. moon); the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light rule the night: He made the stars EVOLUTION HYPOTHESIS also. 18 to divide the light from the darkness: and God “It is a genuine embarrassment for scientists who saw that it was good. believe in evolution, who had to scramble for 19 And the evening and the morning were the ideas just to explain why most animals did not fourth day. evolve while others did” – Daniel Lee 5th Day (Thursday)= Java Man 20 And God said, Let the waters bring forth - discovered in 1891, and that given the abundantly the moving creature that hath life, name Pekin Man, discovered in 1923, and fowl that may fly above the earth. have both been exposed as false 22 And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and intermediate forms. multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth. Nebraska Man 23 And the evening and the morning were the - A single tooth discovered in 1922 and fifth day. was subsequently, in 1927, determined to have belonged to a wild boar. 6th Day (Friday)= 24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the Piltdown Man living creature after his kind, cattle, and - A skull discovered in 1912 and was creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his exposed as a hoax in 1953, have been kind: and it was so. placed on display for the previous 40 26 And God said, Let us make man in our image… years. Smith Woodward reconstructed the male and female he created them. skull fragments and hypothesized that they belonged to a human.  CYTOGENETICS structures or Zinjanthropus similar - A fossil discovered in 1959, was realized functions in to have been just an ordinary ape. different organisms. Ramapithecus Intelligent Ape-Like - Discovered in the 1930s and exhibited as Design Creature an intermediate form for the next 50 Darwin years, was declassified with the The cell, in its himself said realization in 1981 that it was just an complexity, that “if the ordinary species of a baboon. discloses a cell were to well-planned, more Lucy and well- complex - Research conducted in 1999-2000. programmed than it Discovered in Africa in 19174, was also individual & appears, invalid. collaborative then, his system. whole Taung Child theory is - A fossil skull, discovered in 1924, and wrong.” realized it was that of a young gorilla, Consistent in With this was similarly removed from the list its missing in 1954. developmental links. theory. COMPARISON OF THE EVOLUTIONARY AND CREATIONARY ORIGIN - When we look around the different THEORIES/PHENOMENON/CONDITION physical characteristics in people… Creation Evolution - In Adam, the first man, the potential Hypothesis Hypothesis combination of genes was enormous. Inherent and Increased complete in over time - Francesco Ayala states: original from zero “On the basis of only 6.7% heterososity Massive populations as via DNA the average human couple could have 10 amounts of created; sum copying children before they would have to have Coded Genetic total has errors (i.e., one child identical to another!” Information steadily mutations), declined over natural MEDICAL GENETICS time via selection, mutational and millions a) Clinical filed: degradation. of years. 1. Clinical Genetics Indicative of 2. Genetic Counseling Similarities, Creator’s Residual ranging from prerogative evidence b) Laboratory Sciences: Genetic to to employ that multiple 1. Cytogenetics Morphological, similar or different 2. Molecular Genetics between identical organisms 3. Biochemical Genetics various structures or descended Organisms information from MODERN SCIENCE OF GENETICS sequences for common similar ancestors.  CYTOGENETICS - seeks to understand the process of EVOLUTION THEORY SOLUTION FOR inheritance. MUTATIONAL DEGREDATION - began with the work of Gregor Johann Mendel, German-Czech Augustinian - Denies origin in order to deny death. monk & scientist (mid-19th century). - Uses genetic studies to avoid death. - Assigned billions of years instead of days. Mendel - “observed that organisms inherit traits According to Dr Ian Pearson: via discrete units of inheritance, which - “Could you live forever? Humans will are now called genes.” achieve IMMORTALITY using Ai and genetic engineering by 2050.” Thomas Hunt Morgan - In 1910, he argued that genes are on Related Researches on Immortality: chromosomes based on observations of a - Human DNA and why Biological sex-linked white eye mutation in fruit Immortality is possible (People flies. Unlimited Inc: November 10, 2016). - Discovered what the ‘Immortality’ Alfred Sturtevant Enzyme looks like (Fiona McMillan). - In 1913, he used the phenomenon of - Sperm discovery reveals clue to genetic genetic linkage to show that genes are ‘immortality.’ (University of Edinburgh). arranged linearly on the chromosome. After the turn of the 19th century, the 1) Adam (with Eve) produced all the importance of Sex Chromosomes was different varieties of genes. established. 2) After a number of generations, there appears to be strong evidence that 1959 certain genes, become recessive. Others, - Cytogenetic studies were first utilized in once they reach a point, become clinical laboratory studies, making a dominant, continue to be dominant in major advancement in clinical diagnosis: future generations, and the variability of a) the ability to detect changes in characteristics is limited. chromosome structure; b) direct correlation of these Cytogenetics changes to disease & - the science that combines the methods phenotypic anomalies in and findings of cytology and genetics to individuals. allow the investigation of heredity at the cellular level, through careful evaluation Many of tests have become the “gold standard” of the chromosomes. for diagnosis. Mendel established Genetics as a new field of Gold Standard science around 16 years before the discovery of - the most accurate test without chromosomes (1866), making CYTOGENETICS restrictions. one of the oldest fields of genetics. - has a reputation in the field as a reliable method. “Genetic Code Inherent & Complete, but sum total - the best or successful diagnostic test. has steadily declined over time via mutational degradation.” There is a growing number of disease genes being cloned, there is increasing emphasis on developing molecular direct mutation analyses.  CYTOGENETICS These analytical studies work well when a diagnosis is known or suspected. CREATION THEORY SOLUTION FOR MUTATIONAL DEGREDATION - Death has to be overcome. - Creator of life takes over creature’s sad fate. He borrowed a human womb of a SURROGATE mother, Mary, that He may have a house. In vitro fertilization - mature eggs are collected from ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. CONCLUSION In the absence of a known disorder, Cytogenetics retains its position as the only clinical laboratory test to be able to survey the genetic cellular constitution of an individual with a single assay. Clinical applications for cytogenetic analysis= range from prenatal diagnosis to cancer evaluation.