Introduction to Physiology - L5 PDF

SHAWABKEH Introduction to medicine {L5} Introduction to physiology  Physiology: Science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and...

SHAWABKEH Introduction to medicine {L5} Introduction to physiology  Physiology: Science that is concerned with the function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved‫اﻟﻌﻠم اﻟذي ﯾﮭﺗم ﺑوظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺣﻲ واﺟزاﺋﮫ واﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﻛﯾﻣﺳﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬  Levels of organization in the human body Chemicals Cells (function unit ) Tissue  Organ  System Organism  Chemical level : atoms make molecule ,molecules make macromolecules (carbohydrate ,lipids ,…..)  Cell :Has all properties of being alive, building block o all living organisms ,the smallest living thing (unit of life) and Fundamental unit.  A. Responds to stimuli.  B. Engages in metabolic activity.  C. repreduce its self  Inside the cell organelles( ‫ )ﻋﺿﯾﺎت‬and cytosol intracellular ,and outside the cell is extracellular  Organisms Unicellular, Multicellular. ‫ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬, ‫اﺣﺎدي اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬  All tissue and organs in body formed of cell. Organisms could be: 1. Unicellular organisms: living Cell functions entities that have only one cell  Obtain nutrients and oxygen from surrounding environment. 2. Multicellular organisms  Perform(‫ )ﯾؤدي‬chemical reactions that provide energy for the cell.  Eliminate(‫ )ﯾﺗﺧﻠص‬carbon dioxide and other wastes to surrounding environment.  Synthesize needed cellular components.  Control exchange of materials between cell and its surrounding environment.  Sensing and responding to changes in surrounding environment.  Reproduction(all cells in our body can reproduce except nerve cells and muscle cells  Exceptions are Nerve cells and Muscle cells (Can’t be regenerated once they have been lost)they lose their ability to reproduce during their early development. 4)Contains genetic information and sends 3)Powerhouse and its has its genetic material signals to cell for division, growth , etc… ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ وﺗرﺳل اﺷﺎرات ل‬. ‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ وﺗﻣﺗﺎز اﻟﻣﯾﺗوﻛوﻧدرﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬ 2)Separate cell from ‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ل اﻟﻧﻘﺳﺎم واﻟﻧﻣو‬ outside environment and command center in the cellit houses (contains) controls what moves in the DNA (the genetic Material)‫ﻣرﻛز أواﻣر اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ and out have surrounding membrane (nuclear ‫ﯾﻔﺻل ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ اﻟداﺧﯾﺔ ﻋن‬. envelope) to protect the DNA ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ وﯾﻧظم ااﻟداﺧل‬ ‫واﻟﺧﺎرج ﻣن اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ 5)Transport molecules to their specific destination ‫ﺗﻧﻘل اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬ 1)made of jelly-like fluid ‫اﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎرھﺎ ووﺟﮭﺗﮭﺎ‬ that is called Cytosol 6)Lysosomes digest waste and bacteria and recycle cellular components and get rid of toxins ‫ھﺿم اﻟﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎت‬ There is also cytoskeleton not ‫واﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ و اﻋﺎدة ﺗدوﯾر ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ appeard here its a network of ‫واﻟﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن اﻟﺳﻣوم‬ fibers that make up the cell’s structural framework, important to determine the shape of the cell and direct the movement of 7)Ribosomes synthesize proteins from organelles ‫ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﺷﻛل اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ و‬ ‫ﺗوﺟﺔ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺿﯾﺎت‬ messenger RNA.(protein factory ) 8)Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‬ processed by the ER and transports them out of the cell ‫ﺗﻌدﯾل‬ Fgv vg ‫ﺗﺧرﯾن وﺗﻐﻠﯾف اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت واﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ داﺧل اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ وﻧﺗﻘﻠﮭﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Types of Cell -White blood cell : type of blood cells that is responsible for fighting any foreign bodies that enter the body ‫ﻏرب ٌدﺧل اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ٌ ‫ﻣﮭﺎﺟﻣﺔ أي ﺟﺳم‬ -Nerve cells : have di erent shapes -Sperm cell : composed of the head and tail -Muscle cells : basic unit of the muscle tissue Tissue: Groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function  4 essentials types of tissue we will study each of them: A-MUSCULAR TISSUE B-EPITHELIAL TISSUE C-NERVOUS TISSUE D-CONNECTIVE TISSUE A-MUSCULAR TISSUE Produce movement in the body by contracting. Composed of muscle cells thin elongated cells  muscle fibers. →Cytoplasm of muscle cells is called Sarcoplasm 3 types of muscles tissue:  Skeletal muscle: Moves the skeleton - attached to bones→Voluntary controlled‫)ﺣرﻛﺎت ارادﯾﮫ(وھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﮫ ﻋن ﺗﺣرﯾك اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻌﺿﻣﻲ وﺗﻠرﺑط اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﺑﺎﻟﻌظﺎم‬  Cardiac muscle:Only in the heart - Pumps blood out of the heart (Involuntary controlled) ‫ھذول ﻓﻘط ﻣوﺟودﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠب وﺑﺿﺧو اﻟدم ﻣن اﻟﻘﻠب ﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم )رﻛزوو ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘط‬ (!!!  Smooth muscle : Internal organs like intestine and uterus - Encloses and controls movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs(Involuntary controlled) (‫ھذول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻏﻠب ﺑﻛوﻧو ﻣوﺟودﯾن ﺑﺎﻻﻣﻌﺎء واﻟﺣﺎﻟب ﯾﻠﻲ درﺳﻧﺎھم ب)اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ‬ B-Epithelial tissue (Epithelium): Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment.  Found as lining for internal organs and covering for the skin  Functions: 1) Form a protective barrier – skin 2) Absorb – lining of intestine 3) Secrete – sweat glands 4) Excrete wastes – kidney tubules  C-Nervous tissue: ‫اﻟﻧﺳﯾﺞ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬  Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses (neurons).and found in brain ,spinal cord and nerves.  The Neuron is composed of:‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻧﯾرون وھو اﻟﻣﺳؤول ﻋن ﻧﻘل اﻻﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﺻﺑﯾﮫ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬  Cell Body : Contains Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Organelles.  Axon : Transmits Information.‫ﻣﺣور ﻋﺻﺑﻲ ﺑﯾﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬  Dendrites : Fine processes that receives information from other neuron D-Connective tissue: Connects, supports, and anchors various body parts.  Having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material (mainly collagen and elastin protein fibers).‫ﯾرﺑط وﯾدﻋم وﯾﺛﺑت اﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﮫ‬  found between other tissues everywhere in the body  Examples: Tendons‫ ارﺑطﮫ‬/ Bone/ Blood /Adipose/ Cartilage Organs :Consist of two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a particular functions ‫اﻻﻋﺿﺎء ﺑﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻧوع ﻣن اﻻﻧﺳﺟﮫ ﻋﺷﺎن ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣﻠﮭﺎ‬ Example : Stomach  Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue , Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle , Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion , Connective tissue binds all the above tissues together. Body Systems: Groups of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential to survival of the whole body. →Human Body has 11 systems 1. Circulatory system: Heart, blood vessels, and blood (‫دم‬, ‫اوﻋﯾﺔ دﻣوﯾﺔ‬, ‫ﻗﻠب‬, ‫)ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟدوران‬ 2. Digestive system: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestines, Large intestines, Rectum ‫اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم‬,‫) اﻟﻔم‬ (‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‬, ‫اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ‬, ‫اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬,‫اﻟﻣﻌدة‬,‫اﻟﻣريء‬, 3. Respiratory System: Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli ,‫ ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﻔم‬,‫)اﻻﻧف‬ ( ‫اﻟﺣوﯾﺻﻼت اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ‬,‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺎت‬,‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ‬,‫اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم‬ 4. Urinary system: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra(‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‬,‫ اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ‬,‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺑﺎن‬,‫)اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ 5. Skeletal system: Bones and joints (‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل‬,‫)اﻟﻌظﺎم‬ 6. Muscular system: Skeletal muscles (‫)اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ 7. Integumentary system: Skin and associated structures (i.e. hair) (‫اﻟﺗرﻛﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‬,‫)اﻟﺟﻠد‬ 8. Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord and nerves (‫ااﻻﻋﺻﺎب‬,‫اﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ‬,‫)اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬ 9. Immune system: Cells that function in defense of the body (‫)اﻟدﻓﺎع ﻋن اﻟﺟﺳم‬ 10. Endocrine systems: composed of endocrine glands & hormones (‫اﻟﮭرﻣوﻧﺎت‬,‫)اﻟﻐدداﻟﺻﻣﺎء‬ 11. Reproductive system: di ers in males & females  ‫اﻻﺗزان اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬  Homeostasis  Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ داﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘرة ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ‬  his Does not mean that composition, temperature, and other characteristics are absolutely unchanging.  The state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living system.  The body water compartments.  Crucial for survival and function of all cells.‫ﺿروري ﻟﻠﺑﻘﺎء ووظﺎﺋﻖ ﻛل اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬  Each cell contributes to homeostasis. ‫ﻛل ﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﺎھم ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗزان اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬  Factors homeostatically regulagted include: 1) Concentration of nutrient molecules ‫ﺗرﻛﯾز اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻣﻐذﯾﺔ‬ 2) Concentration of CO2 and O2 ‫ﺗرﻛﯾز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻛرﺑون واﻻﻛﺳﺟﯾن‬ 3) Concentration of waste products ‫ﺗرﻛﯾز اﻟﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت او اﻟﻔﺿﻼت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‬ 4) pH 5) Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes 6) pressure and Volume 7) Temperature ‫اﻟﺣرارة‬  Body Fluids - Body cells are contained in watery internal environment through which lifesustaining exchanges are  Intracellular fluid (ICF): is the fluid contained within body cells (28L)  Extracellular fluid (ECF): is the fluid outside the cells, composed of; (14L) o inside Plasma blood vessels (2.8L) o : around cells Interstitial fluid (11.2 L) Important note: ECF is where all cells live, and it’s called the internal environment  Homeostasis: maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment o The compositions are kept in narrow range (but they are not absolutely unchanging) o Homeostasis is essential for survival and function of all cells o Each cell contributes to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment (homeostasis) and benefit from it.  Don’t confuse between Homeostasis & Hemostasis  Hemostasis: is the blood clotting  Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis: Circulatory system Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system -Carries materials from one -Breaks down dietary food into smaller -Gets O2 by inhalation and -removes excess water, salt, acid, part of the body to another. molecules that can be distributed to body eliminates CO2 by exhalation electrolytes from plasma and -distribution of heat cells. -Important in maintenance of eliminates them in urine throughout body by blood. -Transfers water and electrolytes from pH of internal environment. external environment to internal How? CO2 environment.  -Eliminates undigested food residues to external environment in the feces. Skeletal system Integumentary system Immune system Nervous system -Provides support and protection for soft -Serves as outer Defends against foreign -Controls and coordinates tissues and organs. protective barrier and invaders and against bodily activities that require -Serves as storage reservoir for calcium. Important in regulating body cells that have rapid responses (but short -Enables movement of body and its parts body temperature become cancerous action) (with skeletal muscles) and Paves way for -Detects (sense) and repairing or replacing -Bone marrow is the ultimate source of all initiates reactions to injured or worn-out blood cells changes in external cells -Muscular system: moves the bones to get environment food Provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs. -Serves as storage reservoir for calcium. -Enables movement of body and its parts (with skeletal muscles) -Bone marrow is the ultimate source of all blood cells Endocrine system Reproductive system -Regulate activities that require duration rather than speed -Not essential for homeostasis (not essential for survival of -Controls concentration of nutrients individual) -Controls internal environment’s volume and electrolyte -Only essential for perpetuating the species composition by adjusting kidney function  In order to maintain homeostasis, control system must be able to: Detect deviations from normal in internal environment that need to be held within narrow limits. How? Receptor Integrate this information with other relevant information. How? Integrator control center Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore factor to its desired value. How? e ector  Hemostatic control systems are classified into two classes: 1. Intrinsic (within) controls o Local controls that are inherent in an organ [all components inside the organ] 2. Extrinsic (outside) controls o Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside organ, by Nervous System & Endocrine systems.  Mechanisms of Homeostatic Control Systems - Feedback: responses that are made after change has been detected - Types of feedback systems: Negative Feedback: » Most control mechanisms are negative feedback (Primary) » Opposes initial change [the response opposes the stimulus] » Components:  Sensor: monitors the magnitude of a controlled variable.  Control center: compares sensor’s input with a set point.  E ector: makes a response to produce a desired e ect. What happens when there is imbalance ? 1- Stimulus produces change in variable ‫اﻟﻣﺣﻔز‬ 2- Change detected by receptor. 3- Input: information sent along afferent pathway to the control system 4- Output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector 5- Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis. Imbalance (too low/ too high)stimuluschange in variablereceptor detect changeinputcontrol systemoutputeffectorresponsehomeostasis Ex: Imbalance in blood glucoseEatingchange in blood sugardetected by receptorsinput (raise in blood glucose) pancreasoutput (insulin)cells and liverlower blood glucose homeostasis Ex: Body temperature : Skin has receptors that can detect the changes in temperature Postive feedback » Amplifies the initial change [response in favor of stimulus]‫ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺿﺧﯾم اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾراﻻوﻟﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺗﺣﻔﯾز‬ » Do NOT occur as often as negative feedback system » Useful Examples of positive feedback mechanism: 1) Uterine contractions becoming stronger until the birth of the baby 2) Generation of nerve signals 1. Uterine contractions Uterine contraction pushes head to stretch cervix Signals cause even more contraction This action is repeated until the baby is born ‫اﻧﻘﺑﺎض اﻟرﺣم ﯾؤدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻣدد ﻋﻧﻖ اﻟرﺣم‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺎرات ﺗﺳﺑب اﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻻﻧﻘﺑﺎﺿﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛرر اﻻﺟراء ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾوﺑد اﻟطﻔل‬  2. Generation of nerve signals » Stimulation of a nerve fiber causes slight leakage of Na+ ions inside the cell » Na+ influx causes change in membrane potential (inside of membrane become less negative) this will cause more Na+ channels to open and more influx of Na » More change in membrane potential > more Na channels opening > until action potential is created and spread all the way to the end of fiber 3. Blood clotting Tear to a blood vesselbleedingplatelets come to the site of injury and release chemicals attracts more plateletsplatelets aggregate together platelet plug control the bleeding - Disruptions in Homeostasis can lead to illness (Pathology) and death - Pathology (Disease process): inability of cells to maintain homeostasis ALSHAWABKEH...  Introduction to physiology 4. One of the following is an example of positive feedback: a) Increase in the blood glucose levels 1. Which of the following pairs are mismatched? b) Uterine contraction in childbirth a) Endocrine system - Control for a long period c) Body temperature b) Urinary System – kidneys d) regulation of pH c) Digestive System - from the oral cavity to the anus e) Removing excess water d) Nervous System - control for a short time e) All choices are correct 5. One of the following isn't an example of connective tissue: a) Tendons 2. All of the following are true about homeostasis except: b) Bone a) Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment c) Blood b) means that composition, temperature, and other characteristics are absolutely unchanging d) Adipose tissue c) Crucial for the survival and function of all cells. e) Endocrine glands d) Each cell contributes to the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment 6. The organelle that packs the molecules and transports them out of the e) All choices are correct cell: a) Golgi apparatus 3. Which system doesn't have an essential role in homeostasis: b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum a) Immune system ALSHAWABKEH c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum b) Endocrine system d) Lysosomes c) Skeletal system e) Ribosomes d) Reproductive system e) Muscular system 7. Cells that have di erent shapes: 10. Which system is responsible for the secretion of hormones? a) blood cells a) Endocrine b) immune cells b) integumentary c) bone cells c) circulatory d) nerve cell d) digestive e) muscle cells e) nervous 8. All of the following tissues found in the stomach except: 11. What is the primary focus of physiology? a) epithelial tissue A) Study of diseases b) smooth muscle B) Study of the structure of organisms c) Nervous tissue C) Study of the functions of living organisms and their parts d) skeletal muscles D) Study of chemical compounds only e) Connective tissue 12. Which of the following is the smallest living unit of life? 9. A group of tissues that work together to form a particular task is called A) Tissue a(n): B) Cell a) system C) Atom ALSHAWABKEH b) organelle D) Organ c) compound d) organ 13. What is the main function of mitochondria in a cell? e) homeostasis A) Protein synthesis B) Genetic material storage C) Energy production D) Waste elimination 14. What type of muscle is voluntary and attached to bones? 18. Which system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves? A) Cardiac muscle A) Skeletal system B) Smooth muscle B) Nervous system C) Skeletal muscle C) Endocrine system D) None of the above D) Muscular system 15. Which tissue type is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses? 19. What is the primary function of epithelial tissue? A) Muscular tissue A) To produce movement B) Epithelial tissue B) To store nutrients C) Nervous tissue C) To provide a protective barrier and exchange materials D) Connective tissue D) To transmit impulses ALSHAWABKEH 16. What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called? 20. What is homeostasis? A) Sarcoplasm A) Maintenance of a stable external environment B) Myoplasm B) A blood-clotting mechanism C) Neuroplasm C) Maintenance of a stable internal environment D) Cytosol D) Movement of blood through the circulatory system 17. Which body system eliminates undigested food residues? 21. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback? A) Urinary system A) Blood glucose regulation B) Digestive system B) Uterine contractions during childbirth C) Nervous system C) Temperature regulation D) Immune system D) Blood pressure maintenance 22. ALL of the following pstive feedback except: 1E 2B 3D 4B 5E 6A 7D 8D 9D 10A A) uterine contractions 11C 12B 13C 14C 15C B) generation of nerve signals 16A 17B 18B 19C 20C 21B 22D 23C 24D 25B C) blood clotting D) body tempreture 23. Which of these is NOT a type of primary tissue? ALSHAWABKEH A) Muscular tissue B) Connective tissue C) Adipose tissue D) Nervous tissue 24. what is the function of ribosomes: A) produce energy B) transport molecules C) digest waste product D) proteins factory 25. Which of the following inernal organs like intestine and uterus : A) skeletal B) smooth C) cardiac D) none