INSY 50 Fundamentals of Information Systems

INSY 50 – Fundamentals of Information Systems Chapter 1: An Introduction to Information Systems Riain Organizations...

INSY 50 – Fundamentals of Information Systems Chapter 1: An Introduction to Information Systems Riain Organizations Clarisse M. College of Sy / Engineering and Roi Albert T.  2 Objectives of the Chapter ❖ Distinguish data from information and knowledge, and describe the characteristics of quality data ❖ Define the types of roles, functions, and careers available in the field of information systems College of Engineering and  3 An Introduction to Information Systems ❖ Information −One of an organization’s most valuable resources −Often confused with the term data College of Engineering and  4 The Value of Information ❖ Valuable information helps people perform tasks more efficiently and effectively ❖ Inaccurate data can result in loss of potential new customers and reduced customer satisfaction College of Engineering and  5 Characteristics of Quality Information ❖ Accessible: can be obtained in the right format and at the right time ❖ Accurate: free from errors ❖ Complete: contains all the important facts ❖ Economical: the cost of producing this information must be equivalent to its value College of Engineering and 6 Characteristics of Quality Information ❖ Relevant: important to the decision maker ❖ Reliable: can be trusted by its users ❖ Secure: cannot be accessed by unauthorized users ❖ Simple: not complex and sophisticated ❖ Timely: delivered when it is needed College of ❖ Verifiable: Engineering and correct and can pass  7 What is an Information System? ❖ An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated elements that: ❖ Collect (input) ❖ Process ❖ Store ❖ Disseminate data and information ❖ Provides a feedback mechanism to monitor and control its operation to make sure it College ofcontinues to meet its goals and objectives Engineering and 8 What is an Information System? ❖ A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a single set of hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures ❖ Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information College of ❖ Supported Engineering and by the 9 Fundamental Types of IS ❖ Personal IS – includes information systems that improve the productivity of individual users ❖ Group IS –includes information systems that improve communications and support collaboration among members of a workgroup ❖ Enterprise IS – includes information systems that organizations use to define structured interactions among their own employees College of and/or Engineering and external customers, suppliers, 10 Fundamental Types of IS College of Engineering and 11 Information Systems in Organizations ❖ Organization: a group of people that is structured and managed to meet its mission or set of group goals ❖ There are relationships between members of the organization and their various activities ❖ Processes are defined that assign roles, responsibilities, and authority to complete the various activities ❖ Organizations are open systems ❖ofThey College affect and are affected by their surrounding Engineering and environments 12 Value Chains ❖ Value chain: a series (chain) of activities that an organization performs to transform inputs into outputs ❖ The value of the input is increased ❖ Supply chain: key value chain in a manufacturing organization ❖ Supply chain management (SCM): encompasses all the activities required to get the right product into the right consumer’s College of hands Engineering and in the right quantity at the right time 13 Value Chains College of Engineering and 14 Value Chains ❖ Supply chain organizations are “linked” together through both physical flows and information flows ❖ The information system can play an integral role in the supply chain process: ❖ Providing input ❖ Aiding product transformation ❖ Producing output College of Engineering and 15 Changes in the Organization ❖ Innovation: the application of new ideas to the products, processes, and activities of a firm, leading to increased value ❖ A catalyst for the growth and success of an organization ❖ Can lead to cutting-edge products ❖ New revenue streams ❖ Increased profits College of Engineering and 16 Types of innovation ❖ Sustaining innovation: results in enhancements to existing products, services, and ways of operating ❖ Enable an organization to continually increase profits, lower costs, and gain market share ❖ Disruptive innovation: one that initially provides a lower level of performance than the marketplace has grown to accept ❖ Improved to provide new performance College of characteristics Engineering and 17 Changes in the Organization ❖ Reengineering − process redesign and business process reengineering (BPR) − Involves the radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results ❖ Continuous improvement − Constantly seeking ways to improve business College of Engineering and 18 Soft Side of Implementing Change ❖ This involves work designed to help employees embrace a new information system and way of working ❖ Change management model ❖ Describes the phases an individual or organization goes through in making a change ❖ Provides principles for successful College of implementation of change Engineering and 19 Lewin’s Change Model ❖ Consists of a three-stage approach for change: 1.Unfreezing: preparing for change 2.Moving/Changing: making the change 3.Refreezing: institutionalizing College of Engineering and 20 Lewin’s Force Field Analysis ❖ Identifies both the driving (positive) and restraining (negative) forces that influence whether change can occur ❖ Driving forces: beliefs, expectations, and cultural norms that tend to encourage a change and give it momentum ❖ Restraining forces: those that make it difficult to accept a change or to work to College ofimplement a change Engineering and 21 Lewin’s Force Field Analysis BEFORE ADDRESSING CONCERNS AFTER ADDRESSING CONCERNS College of Engineering and 22 Leavitt’s Diamond ❖ A theory that proposes that every organizational system is made up of 4 main components —people, tasks, structure, and technology — with an interaction College of Engineering and among 23 Technology acceptance model (TAM) ❖ Specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information system College of Engineering and 24 Diffusion of Innovation Theory ❖ Developed by E.M. Rogers; explains how a new idea or product gains acceptance and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or subset of an organization College of Engineering and 25 Diffusion of Innovation Theory College of Engineering and 26 Important skills for IS workers ❖ Technical skills… ❖ Capability to analyze large amounts of structured and unstructured data ❖ Skills in designing and building applications ❖ Technical support expertise ❖ Project management skills ❖ Knowledge of networking and cloud College of computing Engineering and 27 Important skills for IS workers ❖ Ability to audit systems and implement necessary security measures ❖ Knowledge of data center operations ❖ In addition… ❖ Skills in written and verbal communication ❖ An understanding of organizations and the way they operate ❖ The ability to work with people and in groups College of Engineering and 28 Typical IS Titles and Functions ❖ Chief information officer (CIO) - employs the IS department’s equipment and personnel to help the organization attain its goals ❖ Senior IS Managers ❖ Vice president of information systems ❖ Manager of information systems ❖ Chief technology officer (CTO) ❖ Central role of all of the above is to communicate with other areas of the organization to determine College of changing business needs Engineering and 29 Typical IS Titles and Functions ❖ Data center managers are responsible for the maintenance and operation of the organization’s computing facilities ❖ System operators run and maintain IS equipment ❖ IS security analysts are responsible for maintaining the security and integrity of their organizations’ systems and data ❖ Local area network (LAN) administrators set College of up and manage the network hardware, Engineering and software, and security processes 30 Typical IS Titles and Functions ❖ Software developers write the software that customers and employees use ❖ Systems analysts consult with management and users, and convey system requirements to software developers and network architects ❖ Programmers convert a program design developed by a systems analyst or software developer into one of many computer languages ❖ Web developers design and maintain Web sites, including College of site layout and function, to meet the client’s Engineering and requirements 31 Typical IS Titles and Functions ❖ Database administrators (DBAs) design and set up databases to meet an organization’s needs ❖ System support specialists respond to telephone calls, email, and other inquiries from computer users College of Engineering and 32 References Stair, R. M. and Reynolds, G.W. (2017). Fundamentals of Information Systems (9th ed.). Cengage: Massachusets. Bourgeois, D. T., Smith, J. L., Wang, S., and Mortati, J. (2019). Information Systems for Business and Beyond. Retrieved from https://opentextbook.site/exports/ISBB-2019.pdf College of Engineering and