InorgChem Brex.pdf

o m i l. c MODULE 1 m a @ g (Inorganic chemistry) 0 1 0 8 g o “Ready t...

o m i l. c MODULE 1 m a @ g (Inorganic chemistry) 0 1 0 8 g o “Ready to Learn, Re-learn, and Unlearn” i n o m i nd v ke  OUTLINE o m I. Introduction II. Group IA: Hydrogen to Sodium i l. c III. Group IA: Potassium to Ammonium m a g IV. Group IB V. Group IIA VI. Group IIB 1 @ VII. Group IIIA VIII. Group UVA & IVB 80 IX. Group VA & VB o0 X. Group VIA & Group VIB XI. Group VIIA i ng XII. Group VIIIA XIII. Group VIIIB om nd XIV. Pharmaceutically Important Inorganic Acids i v XV. Macrominerals & Microminerals ke XVI. Antacids XVII. Groups of Cations XVIII. Groups of Anions XIX. Must Know Write lesson or topic here  OUTLINE o m i l. c m a @ g 0 1 I. Introduction 0 8 A. g o Introduction to inorganic chemistry B. The Periodic Table n Important compoundsi and Its common uses C. o m i nd v ke Write lesson or topic here INORGANIC CHEMISTRY m l. co i its It is the study of all elements under periodic tableaand compound. g m 1 @ Describes the characteristics of substances obtained from non-living matter and minerals. 8 0 o 0 i ng o m i nd v ke Organic vs Inorganic o m c ORGANIC INORGANIC Identification/Composition C H O ai l. m , all except C g , Nature @ inic Bonding: 1 covalent 0 Volatility= volatile non-volatile 8 Physical characteristics: & Conduct heat and electricity= bad conductors 0 good conductors Melting point and Boiling point Low g o n High Solubility m insoluble i water in alcoat - ether soluble in water o highly soluble in organic solvents - mostly insoluble in organiccmpds. d L benzene Color n generally colores mostly colorful v i ke  o m i l. c m a @ g 0 1 08 g o i n om i nd ev INTRODUCTION: PERIODIC TABLE k Families of Elements FAMILIES NAMES o m Group IA i Alkali Metals l. c Group IIA Alkaline m aEarth Metals Group IIIA Born @ g Grp. 1Nitrogen Group IVA Carbon 0 Grp. 8 0 Oxygen Group VA Grp. Group VIA g o Gup. Group VIIA i n Halogens Group IB # om Comage metals d /VIIIAvin Group IIB volatile metals ke Group 0 Inert Gas GB-chromium subgep 3B subgup Scandium. EB-manganese subgep. tried subgup -est - ↑B-titanium 5B - Vanadian. subge OB- Iron Triad &Ligany ht tried  QUESTION o m i l. c a Which of the following is used to prevent tooth decay? gm A. Acetates 1 @ B. Citrates 80 C. Bromides o0 D. Fluorides i ng om i nd v ke Acids and Bases  o m i l. c m a @ g 0 1 08 g o i n om i nd v ke GROUP IA: Alkali Metals Mi -.com MostA a il - reactive of all the metallic elements gmN · Differentiated by: HC) Hydroxides- give alkaline sol’ns 1 @ * Atomic number __ 80 o0 r ~ 7 ~ g · Activity ↑ i n - ~ Alkalinity m · o of solvation Degree + NH + d · n - Valence: I Oxidation v i ke state: 1 + Group IA  Industrial uses : ~o Haber NH3 process > -> ~ : oil margarine Hydrogen > - HYDROGEN (H) · inflating balloons o m Cho longer used i l. c m a Aka: Inflammable => air @ g 1 Lightest and MOST ABUNDANT element in the Universe 2nd Lightest: He 80 0 Discovered by: He H3 Henry Cavendish Hi Preparation: g o i n Electrons - 1 1 J Messerschmidt process m Produces 99.9% H2 = Blue water gas o Protons 1 1 1 d & Lane Process v i n T- Produces H2 from redox of Iron neutrons O I 2 ke Electrolysis J from water - most abundant-heavy - radioactive - - common hydrogen * heaviest 3 isotopes stable * D20 heavy - : water isotope Group IA Water (H2O) m l. co · solvent universal a i Classification parameter: Hardness m omnipresent Chemically stable @ g 1 - Soft water - water with minimal or no possible roles Solvent 8 0 dissolved inorganic ions 0 Hard water - high amount of Ca and Mg ions - o - ligand Contains mainly dissolved calcium and g acid/base n magnesium bicarbonate: Temporary - Hard water i - oxidizing agent Water softening method: m Classification based on o · Boiling d parameters: (Ca(on)2) n · Lime i Suitability for drinking Contains mainly dissolved calcium and v - magnesium⑳o keI & Non Potable sulfate and chloride in M Potable water: Permanent Hard water Fit for drinking Water softening method: free from coliform organism - · ion-exchange resin Group IA  Types of Water o m. c Water for Crystallization water associated when crystals precipitate from aqueous solution i l = - hydrations a water for water associated with cations and/or anions of a salt in solution or crystal Zedytic water physically held water gm 1 @ water coordinated in a cationic complex or held in a definite lattice Lattice 0 water structure of the crystals kaline 08 # * o water contain appreciable quantities of Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaHCO3 - i ng contains CO2 under pressure and usually effervesce on coming to m the surface C carbonated o water - contain calcium and magnesium carbonates in solution as d > - bicarbonate v i n - can be natural or artificial A k e Chalybeate water - - - B Contains iron in solution or in suspension Characterized by its ferruginous taste - Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide upon exposure to air Group IA  o m Types of Water i l. c m a ⑧ Lithia water A carbonate or chloride @ g Do not contain appreciable quantities of lithium, either as Saline water 0 1 ⑧ 8 Contain relatively high amounts of MgSO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl water) 0O - (Purgative - g o n Contains dissolved H2S and deposit S upon exposure to the i Sulfur water atmosphere - om ⑤ d Water that contain soluble alkali silicates Siliceous water v i n ke water Contains Barium hydroxide salt Baryta = Group IA Water (H2O) Pharmaceutical importance o m Purified water i l. c a · m Most widely used Not used in parenterals · water for injection @ g 1 * large scale 0 Solvent for parenteral products Pyrogen free 8 Igo0 Sterile water for Injection · Extemporaneous compounding small scale in - Bacteriostatic wal m · * SWFI + 1 or more antimicrobial agent o Antimicrobial agent: Benzyl Alcohol = ⑧ d i n X: neonates -> gasping syndrome v Sterile Water for Inhalation ke - -Sterile Water for Irrigation -Sterile Purified Water -Water for Hemodialysis -best expectorant A Pure Steam Group IA Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) m l. co Aka: ai - Agua oxigenada agua oxenada gm Oxygenated acid 1 @ Use: oxygenated water 80 SE : Black hairy tongue Tx: VincentStomatitis o0 Cosmetics: bleaching agent Commercial availability: w(r)i ng (6mW/v) 10-vol Solution (3 % o · d · 20-vol Solution % - - v i n Hydrogen peroxide Topical - solution, USP Stabilized aqueous solution:3 %w/v ke available as 10 -volume solution Stabilizer: acctanilide 0 031.. Group IA Lithium (Li) m l. co Aka: "Lithos" ai Non-pharmacological use: - - air-conditioner heat exchanger Lightest: metal Highly reactive gm ~ Batteries @ 8 * Flame color: = 1 Discovered by: Arfendson carmine Red 0 A Storage: under oil coated wl petrolatum Non-luminous: Bridge element: Mg 08 Cobalt Glass: Purple o Use: Diuretic - i ng S/E: Mypovolemia a Hyponatremia om Mood stabilizer depressant - ↑ Na =- Lithium effect d S/E: Sedation ↓ Na ↑ lithium toxicity i n DOC for: Mania = v Sodium antagonist ke F O C/I: Pregnant causes: Ebstein anomaly · very narrow therapeutic index Group IA 1. Lithium bromide (LiBr) Use: Depressant lotd) o m i l. c 2. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) m a Use: ↑ prevent Bipolar disorder @ g 1 Prophylaxis and treatment of: Last line therapy for mania:a 80 ↓ antidirectic effect 0 - ADR: * ↑Li = Polyuria =↑ urination g o Capsule: Eskalith i n m ~ o Tablet Lithase "T i nd Extended release- tablet: Quilonome-R v 3. Lithium chloride (LiCl) kppt:e Use: RNA : cellular extracts + Lic) Lizs Lithia water = Mineral water = Group IA  4. Lithium fluoride (LiF) 8. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) Use: Aka: o m Manufacture ceramics - Lithalure- LitholiteA i l. c 5. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) Stavinor m a Uses: @ g Lubricant powder metallurgy 1 - Absorbs Carbon dioxide - 0 - Cosmetics Use: alternative for space flight- 08 Plastics o ~ 6. Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) i ng m · OReducing Agent d o v 7. Lithium oxide (Li2O)i n Aka: k Lithia e Use: flux in ceramic glazes Group IA  SAMPLE QUESTION o m i l. c a What type of water contains mainly dissolved bicarbonate ? gm A. Soft water 1 @ B. Hard water 80 C. Temporary water o0 D. Permanent water i ng om i nd v ke Acids and Bases  & - Sodium (Na) m l PISO.co Latin: Natrium ai _____ ⑧ - 6th Most abundant element in Earth’s Crust extracellular Cation Most ABUNDANT_____________ @ gm Cation of choice for organic medical 0 1 Storage: Kerosene 08 Causes:> How retention g o - n a autt i Na+ regulation: Aldosterone _ m Forms Insoluble salts with Triple Acetate acetate Co urany) - o - d Flame Color: ANon luminous: Golden yellow v i n ke Cobalt glass Nil Water soluble compounds are collectively called: Soda Group IA 1. Sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) 3. SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) Aka: Na ethanrate Uses: Aka: Baking soda o m c Production: Solvay process -Diuretics i l. Bicarbonate Ion = 2nd Major Extracellular anion a FiO - Urinary and systemic alkalizer Uses: Tx: Metabolic acidosis a hyponatremia - gm systemic alkalizer physiological buffer @ - Antacid 1 -Carbonating agent 0 - Alkalinizing agent in: Benedict's sol'n systemic antacid 8. hyperacidity) - S/E: systemic alkalosis > Rebound 2. Sodium ascorbate (NaC6H7O6) o0 - Antidote for: water-soluble tinc sats g · n -Effervescent salt Vitamin C supplement m Uses: i Composition: Na bicarbonate o ~ d antioxidant Citric acid: sticky mixture n - - i Tartaric acid: loose granules v Use:-mask bitter taste ke Group IA 4. Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) Use: Reducing agent - o m. c - H20 soluble agent ai l - 5. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) = gm Aka: 1 @ Na2CO3 (anhydrous): soda ash Na2CO3 *2H2O: 80 0 2 Frona o Na2CO3 *10H2O: 10 washing soda Sal Soda Soda Crystal g , , n Uses: Antacid - m i Ca(OH)2 Carbonating agent d o - NaOH M - - n Manufacture: Soda lime - KON i => O v Saponifying agent ke - # acidimetry 1std: aqueous_________ Preparation: Solvay process & Fluorescence: Loss of water of crystallization Group IA 6. Sodium chloride (NaCl) E m Aka: Rock salt- Uses: Vehicle: l. co Soler salt * Table salt -0NSS: 09 % Nad. ai Sea salt m Ringer’s solution NaCl KCI CaCl in WFl g , , Lactated Ringer’s solution Ringer's Sodium lactate Dendritic salt Halite 1 @ Darrow solution : NaC + KCl + sodium lactate Uses: 80 D Ophthalmic preparation: o0 Hypertonic NACl solution · Preservative ⑨ Temporary O g - Condiment relief of corneal edema Tx: lodism : Now Iodine i n ⑧Isotonic irrigating solution for eye during m - surgery o *Electrolyte replenisher d Vehicle: Oral preparation i n # NSS : 0 09 % Nad v. Oral Rehydration Salts, USP ORS ke - Inhalation/Nasal Products Group IA 7. Sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) 8. Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate Use: Best antidote for: mercury poisoning m In vitro: Chelates Ca2+ ion > anticoagulant co -. - Sequestrant in: Benedicts solution In vivo: - 9. Sodium gluconate a i-l m - Parenteral: BloodCoagulant Use: Electrolytegreplenisher systemic and urinary alkalizer- Expectorant~ 1 @ O 0 Laxative- Advantage over chloride salts: less irritating 8. Sodium fluoride (NaF) 0 8 - g o as a reagent: very corrosive i n Uses: om - i d Anticariogenic in dentifrices n Replaces hydroxyl ion in v ke hydroxyapatite with fluoride to form ____________ fluoroapatite on outer surface of enamel teeth ↑ - bone formation Chronic ingestion: Dental fluorosis (mottledenamel Group IA - 10. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aka: Uses: o m Caustic Soda * -Saponifying agent i l. c Sosa A Soda Lye# - m a Saponification (KOETTSTORFER TEST) g ↑ - Liquid sodaD Produces: Hard Soap ⑨ Caustic = contains OH 1 @ Necessary in Glycerin① supp. NaOH = caustic soda 80 preparation - KOH = caustic potash caustic o0 g AgNO3 = Lunar i n - Characteristics: -Deliquescent om necrosis i nd D Can cause: liquefactive Antidote: () v ke necrosis * acid coagulative necrosis > - Group IA 11. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 13. Sodium lactate Uses: Uses: o m c oxidizing agent - bleaching agent - Dakin’s solution (chlorox) Ingredient inF *aka: ai l. Lactated Ringer’s Sol’n Hartmann's soln m ⑧. Aqueous sol’n: disinfectant Modified Dakin’s solution g Ingredient in Darrows sol’n @ Diluted sol’n: antiseptic Labarraques’s solution = disinfectant 14.80 1 Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O) 0 aka: Sodium pyrosulfite 2 5. % o. & 12. Sodium iodide (NaI) - Uses: - i ng Uses: Solubilize iodine % Tx.: Goiter om water-soluble antioxidant d - 0 - n Antimicrobial property v i Fermentation ke & - Preservative- food bleaching- Group IA 15. Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) 17. Sodium perborate (NaBO2) Aka: Uses: * Peru Chile salt peter o m mild disinfectant and deodorant l. c - - saltpeter Uses: 18. SODIUM i POLYSTYRENE a SULFONATE Meat preservative g m BN: Kayexalate * @ & Fertilizer Uses: 1 & 0 Cation -exchange resin 16. Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) 8 019. Sodium saccharin Tx: Hyperkalemic o * salitre poisoning ng Uses: # Antidote for: CN m i Uses: o by: Methemoglobinemia artificial sweetener d & n Vasodilator ID test result: Fluorescent green light i - & v - ke Group IA 20. Sodium starch glycolate 23. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate - BN: Explotal Aka: o m Use: Tablet disintegrant OSLS i l. c a Sodium dodecyl sulfate 21. Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4*10H2O) m Use: Anionic surfactant g - salt Glarber's aka: Uses: 1 @ 24. Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) Saline laxative 8 0 Uses: 0 ~ Drying agent for organic solvents o Hypotensive agent g - - n * Cleaner for contact lenses 22. Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) i - As antioxidant synergist Uses: o m Laxative i n d v - Diuretic e - - Fischerk -Dihydrate form: Primary standard in Karl - Rgt Group IA 25. MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE 27. TRIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE (Na3PO4) (MSG) - aka: o m BN: Uses: l. i E c Tertiary Sodium Phosphate a Ajinomoto m Use: Flavor enhancer Chemical reagent for cleaning glass apparatus Causes: Chinese syndrome Restaurant 26. DIBASIC SODIUM PHOSPHATE @ g (NatPod) 1 Monobasic Sodium POa (Na2HPO) 8 0 - / 0 - laxative aka: g o - Urinary acidities n Sodium Phosphate i in fleet enema Component - m fluid Phosphate of Soda - for hypercalcemia o Ex · Uses: - Saline laxative nd. Primary anion in the intracellular LA methanamine : cystitis v i as oral solution - - ke g Antihypercalcemic & Pr - Buffer component. Group IA 28. Sodium thiosulfate (NaS3O3) o m - i l. c Aka: Hypochlor m a *Photographer’s hypo @ g hypo 0 1 8 Uses: Good reducing agent o0 g antioxidant Cathartic i n O m Tx for CN poisoning Reaction: CN + Na2S2O3→NaSCN + O2 o d Elemental - Chemical antidote for: lodive toxicity i n - · Volumetric sol’n: lodometry a permanganometry v Protects against renal damage administer with: platinum A ke & Acids: thiosulfate -> sulfur - Bases: thiosulfates-> sulfates - & - Sodium  SAMPLE QUESTION o m i l. c a Used as an antidote for mercury poisoning? gm A. Glauber’s salt NazSOt 1 @ Kayexalate 08 B. Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate 0 C. Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate g o /pyro D. Sodium metabisulfite i n sulfite om i nd v ke Acids and Bases POTASSIUM (K) o m Aka: Kalium i l. c Very chemically reactive Most abundant: intracellular cation FLAME COLOR m a Nonluminous : Violet important in GLASS @ g Cobalt glass Crimson Red 1 protein synthesis MODIFICATION. impulse transmission 0 8 acid-base balance 0 enzyme activity Element/C Purpose: Has diuretic effect g o ompound in Responsible for cardiac muscle Bottles/Brown color contraction K ion Amber of glass om ↓K = muscle weakness and paralysis MnO2 masks blue green color of iron d Deficiency state: Hypokalemia = causes i n Due to: severe burns, diarrhea or other v Boron/Borat ↓ coefficient expansion 2nd highest Ke of Highest K content: es # k Avocado content : Banana Pb ↑ refractive index Soluble K+ salts = - Potash 1. Potassium acetateJ (KCH3COO) m Uses: - Diuretic l. co i - Systemic and Urinary alkalizer 2. Potassium alum (AlK(SO4)2.12H2O) m a @ g 1 Aka: Potash alum* 0 Use: Astringent 08 o Antiperspirant 3. Potassium arsenite i ng om Fowler’s solution = antileukemic i nd 4. Potassium bicarbonate v ke O Systemic antacid and alkalizer & Diuretic (K+) Electrolyte replenisher Carbonating agent for Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution Group IA May cause hyperkalemia on prolonged use  5. Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6 m l. co Aka: ai Cream Of Tartar# Cream or Argol Acid gm Potassium tartrate 1@ 0 Occurs in acidulous -grapes fruits ONLY INSOLUBLE K SALT 08 o Uses: Saline Laxative Ingredient in baking powder i ng om i nd v ke Group IA  6. Potassium bromide (KBr) m l. co Uses: ai Depressant (former use) IR spectroscopy gm Used in preparation for samples for: @ 7. Potassium carbonate8(K2CO3·1 01 ½ H2O) o 0 Aka: i ng m POTASH# o PEARL ASH i nd SALT OF TARTAR v SALT ⑧OF PETER ke SALT of WORMWOOD Uses: Carbonating agent Group IA Antacid 3 Alkalinizing agent  8. Potassium chlorate (KClO3) m l. co Uses: Deodorant and⑧ ai oxidizing agent gm Antiseptic, and astringent in toothpaste, mouthwash and gargle @ 01 --- 9. Potassium chloride (KCl) 08 Kalium durules* g o ei n co Preferred salt for the correction of hypokalemia and hypochloremic alkalosis Uses: om - d Electrolyte replenisher i n Present in Darrow’s sol’n v Salt substitute ke Group IA  10. Potassium citrate (K3C6H5O7) m l. co i * BN: Acalka Uses: m a expectorant @ g 1 Osmotic Diuretic 0 - 11. Potassium hydroxide 08 (KOH) g o Aka: i n * om CAUSTIC POTASH d LYE POTASH Uses: v i n ke Deliquescent Saponifying agent strong base Component of cuticle remover Preparation of: Vienna paste Group IA  12. Potassium iodide (KI) m l. co Uses: ai Iodide of choice- O gm 100 000 Source of iodide in table salt for prevention of goiter (1 part KI: ____________ parts of salt) Lugol's solution/strong Tx of hyperthyroidism: 1 @ lodine solution 0 prep’n for thyroid surgery: saturated KI SOl'n. Solubilizer of iodine: ↑ I 0 conc. 8 o Expectorant g & DOC for cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis i n Potassium iodide (KI) Gardner's soln. AKA: anmuuum m To protect the thyroid in cases of radiation emergency o d Component of several alkaloidal reagents - v i n Valser’s rgts k Caamirm Iodide VaKCay Nessler’s K Merceric loaide Nek Me ke - Wagners Iodine in KI WIK - = Mayer’ Mercuric KI - => Toxicity: - - = me me ki lodism Group IA 13. Potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5) Uses: m Antioxidant~ Good reducing agent- l. co 14. Potassium nitrate (KNO3) ai gm @ Aka: 1 SALT PETER, - SALT PRUNELLE 80 0 USe: o Tooth-desensitizing agent g & n Meat preservative i 8 15. Potassium perchloratem d o (KClO4) Use: v i n ke Strong oxidizing property Old use: antithyroid - I-131 As blocking agent for: _______ Group IA  *Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) m l. co i - Powerful Oxidizing agent m a @ g 0 1 08 g o i n om i nd v ke Group VIB  SAMPLE QUESTION o m i l. c a Also known as argol acid? gm A. Potassium hydroxide 1@ B. Potassium bicarbonate 80 C. Potassium bitartrate o0 D. Potassium tartrate i ng om i nd v ke Acids and Bases  16. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Aka: o m MINERAL CHAMELEON↑ CONDY’S CRYSTAL i l. c Uses: m a g Strong oxidizing agent; strychnine @ Tx of ________________ poisoning (obsolete2 0 1 Used in bromhidrosis, mycotic infections, and poison ivy dermatitis Local anti-infective, antiseptic, deodorant 8 - - 0 - volumetric solution in: Titrimetry O x : produces brown stain on skin g o n Removed by: Oxalic acid m i 17. Potassium d otetraiodomercurate v i n - E ke Nessler’s reagent Group IA  KNaCHOu 18. Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6) KNaC m l. co Aka: ai m ROCHELLE’S m SALT A SAL SIGNETTE * @ g 1 Uses: 0 Cathartic 8 - Sequestering agent in Fehling’s rgt. (Test for reducing sugars) 0 M o Fehling’s B sol'n g Fehling’s A i 19. Potassium sorbate i n om i nd v Sorbir acid Aka: ke Uses: Preservative and antimicrobial Antimicrobial →control growth of yeasts and mold in enteral formula, foods, and cosmetic preparations Group IA  20. MONOBASIC POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE (KH2PO4) Aka: Sorensen’s Potassium Phosphate * o m c Uses: Tx: hypercalcemia Urinary acidifier ai l. Calcific Kidneystones m - g For treatment of ________________ 21. Sulfurated potash (K2SX·K2S2O3) 1 @ Aka: 80 * LIVER OF SULFUR o0 Pla ing POTASSIA SULFURATA HEPARIS SULFUR % m MIXTURE OF:(containing nlt % sulfur) o polysulfide (kes) 1 d · Uses: K v i n thiosulfate (K2Se03) ke Used as astringent, protective Tx: parasitic diseases of the skin and PSORIASIS Ingredient of White lotion, USP AKA: LOTIO ALBAA LOTIO SULFURATA - Group IA Sulfurated potash +Zinc sulphate=____________ ~ - En Sulfide (Ins) RUBIDIUM (Rb) m + K ion o Very similar in behavior with _____ i l. c m a Rubidium chloride (RbCl) @ g 0 1 Rubidium Chloride Rb 82 Injection, USP (Cardiogen®) pts Myocardial 8 Cardiac imaging (PET scan) for?_____________. o 0 infarction i n g o m i nd v ke Group IA CESIUM (Ce) o m c Latin: Caesius Use: G ai l. Catalyst in polymerization of: Resin Spectroscopy gm 1ST ELEMENT TO BE DISCOVERED VIA: @ by: Bunsen & Kirchoff 0 1 Cesium chloride (CeCl) 0 8 g o n Use: in density gradient configuration and separation of protein m i - d o v i n ke Group IA  AMMONIUM (NH4) m l. co Ammonium ion is a hypothetical alkali metal ai Water soluble m - g - Conjugate acid of: @ - 1 Preparation: - 0 Pharmacologic action: Osmotic diuretic - 08 o Buffer component - Expectorant- i ng om i nd v ke Group IA  ⑧ 1. AMMONIA (NH3). co m Nessler's Identification test: & Deep yellow ig + soln. ai l Uses: Respiratory stimulant gm 10 Household ammonia: % NH3 1 @ 0 aka: 160 ammonia 2. Ammonium acetate Bauxime 8 0(NH4CH3COO) g o i n Spirit Aka:* o m of Minderesus d Uses: i n Buffer component - v Mild diuretic - ke Diaphoretic ~ Styptic- Group IA  3. Ammonium alum m l. co e ai Tawas: astringent and antiperspirant 4. Ammonium⑧ bromide (NH4Br) gm 1 @ 0 - Uses: Sedatived 08 g o Central depressantT i n m 5. Ammoniumohydroxide (NH4OH) i nd ev Complexes with: k Cu = Blue ppt Cd = White ppt Bi = yellow ppt. Group IA  Ammonium carbonate ( (NH4)2CO3) m l. co Aka: ai AMMONIA CRYSTAL HARTSHORN # gm PRESTON SALT, # 1 @ 0 SAL VOLATILE BAKER’S AMMONIA # 08 o Uses: Expectorant Antacid - - i ng ammonium cloide # strong ammonium sol'n om Respiratory stimulant- d Ingredient of AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT volatile oil v n AKA: X- i Spirit of hartshorn Ethano ke f g Spirit of sal volatile Respiratory stimulant Tx: Syncope Group IA  Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) m l. co Aka: ai SAL AMMONIAC# CHLORAMINE gm MURIATE OF AMMONIA 1@ MURIATECHLORIDE ION 80 Muriatic acid = MCCaCla o0 Muriate of Lime = Muriate of ammonia = NMoCI i ng Uses:: om d -OSMOTIC Diuretic -Expectorant v i n Systemic and Urinary acidifier ke - Group IA  SAMPLE QUESTION o m i l. c a What reagent is used to remove the stains caused by mineral chameleon? gm A. Na oxalate 1 @ B. Oxalic acid 80 C. Ascorbic acid o0 D. Rochelle salt i ng om i nd v ke Acids and Bases  Ammonium iodide (NH4Cl) m l. co USe: ai Expectorant Antifungal gm Source of: Iodine 1 @ 80 Ammoniated Mercury o 0 ( Hg(NH2) Cl) i n g m White precipitate Aka: * d o Use: Mild antiseptic Forms: v i n Dusting powder: Estima ke parasitic a skin conditions Ointment Topical :4.5-5.5% ⑳ Ophthalmic : 3% · Group IA  o m - ~ i l. c m a @ g 0 1 08 g o i n om i nd v ke  OUTLINE o m i l. c m a @ g III. Group IB: 0 1 A. Copper (Cu) 08 B. Silver (Ag) g o C. Gold (Au) i n om i nd v ke Write lesson or topic here  GROUP IB: COINAGE METAL m l. co Known since antiquity (jewelries, currency) ai m -- Occur in the free metallic state (Easy to recover from ores) Not very reactive chemically @ g 1 Form complexes or chelates Different elements used in medals: G 80 0 - 1st : GOLD - 2nd : SILVER g o n 3rd : BRONZE i > A Alloy of = Cu + Sn om d Brass Cut zu · n : v · i Gun metal CutentSu ke = · German Silver = Cr + zn + Ni Monel · : Cu + Ni · Sterling = Cr + Group IB  COPPER (Cu) Aka: Cuprum o m ONLY REDDISH METAL i l. c 3rd ____most MALLEABLE metal ____ best CONDUCTOR OF HEAT m a g 3rd ____OBEST CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY @ * and 1 - Component of: Tyrosinase * Cytochrome Oxidase 80 0 Hemocyanin ↑COPPER TOXICITY:____________ Wilson's disease g o n ANTIDOTE = Penicillamine ↓ m i COPPER Deficiency: menke Syndrome o ↓ kinky hair syndrome, steely hair syndrome d - Forms v i n Cu1+ &CuprOUS) Cutt ke Readily undergoes disproportionation Compounds are water ⑪soluble All compounds are white except: cus cu FLAME COLOR (Nonluminous) = Blue Group IB  COPPER (Cu) m l. co Forms Cust ai Cu2+ ( CupRIC) GenerallyO blue in Aq. solution gm Biological role: 1 @ 0 ⑧ Essential trace element which enhance utilization of Fe 8 0 - Dietary sources: liver, nuts, raisins, dried legumes o - Physiological role: g - i n Necessary for __________________ Agb Synthesis & m Necessary for _______________________ O oxidative enzymes o Cofactor for enzyme SOD d O - n Found in brain: Cerulocupren v i RBCs: Erythrocupen ke blood plasma: ceruloplasmin & Protein precipitant FLAME COLOR (Nonluminous) = Green Group IB  1. Copper acetoarsenite (Cu(C2H3O2)·3Cu(AsO2)2 Aka: PARIS GREEN# o m IMPERIAL GREEN i l. c a VIENNA GREEN m PARROT GREEN USE: Insecticide @ g 2. Cupric citrate ( (Cu2C5H4O7)2·H2O ) 0 1 suprocitro 08 Aka: g o Uses: astringent i n o m mild antiseptic i n d v eScheele's 3. Cupric hydrogen arsenite (AsCuHO3) ** Aka: k green - Group IB Schloss green  OO Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) m i l. co Aka: BLUE VITRIOL* m a BLUE STONE CUPRIC SULFATE, @ g ROMAN VITRIOL 0 1 8 SALZBURG VITRIOL# Component of: o0 g Benedict’s Rgt. - n Fehling’s Sol’n. Barfoed’s Sol’nT m i (+) result = brick-red ppt o - d Bordeaux mixture n · i Use: Fungicide Uses: v ke Antidote for _________________ - - Emetic phosphors poisoning Group IB  SAMPLE QUESTION o m i l. c a Which of the following are considered strong acids? SA SB gm LiOH 1@ A. 0 · 8 B. · HCl 0 NaOH C. g o · D. HNOs n i KON m · · d o Ca(OH)c i n · HI v · · ke HC104 · Su(OH)2 Acids and Bases · HClO3 ↑. · Ba(OH)  SAMPLE QUESTION o m i l. c a What is the flame color of Cupric? gm A. Green 1@ B. Blue 80 C. Blue-Green o0 D. Gray i ng om i nd v ke Acids and Bases  SILVER (Au) um Ag m l. co Aka: Argentum) Shining bright ai gm Very soft ductile and malleable 1 @ O Fine silver 99.9% pure – too soft > - 8 0 0 ___ most MALLEABLE METAL and ___best CONDUCTOR OF HEAT and g o n BEST CONDUCTOR OF _______ i electricity Has OLIGODYNAMIC ACTION om Provides local germicidal action Toxicity:Argyria i nd v Tx:Nacl/NSS ke Iodine ~ tincture Na thiosulfate Silver nitrate stain is removed with:________ > - - -k IN Group IB  1. Silver iodide (AgI) m l. co Use: Germicide ai 2. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) gm 1 @ Aka: 80 LAPIZ INFERNULARIZ * o0 CAUSTIC PENCIL LUNAR CAUSTIC * i ng Water-soluble m salt of silver o d - Use: i n Component of INDELIBLE INK v ⑧ ke Toughened Silver Nitrate Tx: Warts O 1% ophthalmic solution: prophylaxis : gonorrhea ophthalmia neonatorum * 0.5% AgNO3: wet dressing 3rd degree burns · Tollen’s Reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) Group IB aka: Silvermor test  Ammoniated silver nitrate (Ag(NH3)2NO3) m l. co * Aka: Howe's solution ai Use: gm Dental protective - 1 @ 0 Mixed with 10%: Formaldehyde or Eugenol 8 0 Desensitizing agent Silver sulfadiazineng o m i BN: d o Flammazine (cream) v i n ke Burns Use: Antibacterial Tx for: P.aeruginosa Group IB  Silver Proteinates m l. co Stabilized by EDTA ai SILVER PROTEINATE MEDICINAL USE g m %Ag Antiseptic@ Mild Silver protein (Argyrol/Mild 0 1 (eye) 19-23 8 Protargin) o 0 g Strong Silver Protein (Protargol) Antiseptic (ears and 7.5-8.5 i n throat) o m d Colloidal Silver 18-22 n General germicide Protein(Collargol) v i k e Colloidal Silver Iodide (Neosilvol) Mild antiseptic Group IB  GOLD (Au) Aurum Aka: GOLD COMPOUNDS Used for treatment of King of all Metals o m rheumatoid arthritis Shining dawn i l. c Aurothioglucose a MOST MALLEABLE METAL Gold Sodium Thiomalate MOST DUCTILE METAL ONE OF THE MOST INACTIVE AND PERMANENT METALS gm Auranofin Dissolves in: 1 @ Aqua Regia 3 HCL: 1 HNO3 (royal water) Sole solvent: Selenic acid 80 2 Series of salts: o0 Aurous (Au+) Auric (Au3+) i ng Characteristics: om nd Gold salts are unstable to heat, light, and even mild reducing agents i v Colloidal gold with stannic hydroxide: Purple of Cassius ke Precipitates: Metallic gold Toxicity is assoc. with gold compounds: Gold dermatitis ANTIDOTE: BAL Use: Group IB Tx: Lupus erythematosus  SAMPLE QUESTION