Infection Control Presentation PDF

Dr. Nagwa Mohamed Helmy Associate professor of Medical- surgical Nursing/ Emergency and Critical Nursing FON/SCU Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Definition of infection · Scientific Knowledge Base · Nature of Infection · Chain...

Dr. Nagwa Mohamed Helmy Associate professor of Medical- surgical Nursing/ Emergency and Critical Nursing FON/SCU Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Definition of infection · Scientific Knowledge Base · Nature of Infection · Chain of Infection · Course of infection · Factors predisposing to infection · Nosocomial infection · The nature of host defenses against infection · Infection control methods Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Infection: is the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body. Two things are necessary for occurrence of infection: -Sufficient number of pathogens -low resistance of the patient Dr.Nagwa Mohammed  Nature of infection ◦ Infection is the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogenic microorganisms, resulting in disease. ◦ Entry and multiplication of organisms result in disease ◦ Colonization occurs when a microorganism invades the host but does not cause infection. ◦ Asepsis is the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed  Nature of Infection · Communicable disease is the infectious process transmitted from one person to another. · If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms, the infection is symptomatic. · If clinical signs and symptoms are not present, the illness is termed asymptomatic. · Hand hygiene is the most important technique to use in preventing and controlling transmission of infection. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed  Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Infectious agents (microorganisms) include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. · The potential for microorganisms or parasites to cause disease depends on some factors including:  Type of organism  Sufficient number of organisms  Virulence (the ability to produce disease (  The degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agent  Fatality rate :the ability to invade and damage tissues of the host. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Definition: is a place where pathogens can survive but may or may not multiply. · The most common reservoir is the human body. Varieties of microorganisms live on the skin, within body cavities; body fluids and discharges. · Reservoir may be found as plant, animal, substance, or location that provides nourishment for microorganisms and enables further growth of these organisms. · The presence of microorganism does not always cause the person to be ill; but it may make him a carrier. · carrier is a person or an animal that shows no symptoms of illness but has pathogens on or in its body that can be transferred to others. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Definition: is the point of escape for the organism. · The organism can not extend its influence unless it moves away from its original reservoir. · In humans common escape routes are the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tracts, breaks in the skin and mucous membranes, also blood can be an exit for pathogens. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed A. Contact transmission 1. Direct contact transmission · occurs from person to person (fecal, oral) or from physical contact between an infected source and a susceptible host through which human or animal infection can enter. · Direct contact involves proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or carrier, such as that which occurs in touching, Dr.Nagwa Mohammed 2.Indirect transmission : occurs when a susceptible host is exposed to a contaminated inanimate object (e.g., needles or sharp objects and dressings( 3.Droplet: is a form of contact transmission, but the mechanism of pathogen transfer is so different that is considered a separate source. Large particles travel up to 3 feet and come in contact with the susceptible host (coughing, sneezing or talking). · Person are projected a short distance to the host’s nasal mucosa, mouth, and conjunctiva. These droplets are not suspended in air, so it is not considered air borne transmission. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed occurs from contaminated inanimate materials such as patient care equipment's, soiled linens, surgical instruments, dressing, food, water, and drugs. In addition to biologic products such as blood Dr.Nagwa Mohammed is non human carriers that transmit organisms from one host to another, such as mosquitoes, ticks, lice, flies, or parasitic conditions. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Def. : occurs by dissemination of either small particle nuclei of evaporated droplets or dust particles containing the infectious agent. · These agents can be dispersed widely by air current, and may be inhaled by a susceptible host. These microorganisms include Mycobacterium TB Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Def. : is the point at which organisms enter a new host. · The entry routes into the new host often are the same as the exit route from the prior reservoir. · The urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tract and the skin are the common entry points. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Host : is a person who lacks effective resistance to the pathogen. · Susceptibility: is the degree of resistance the potential host has to the pathogen. ·. · Susceptibility depends on the individual degree of resistance to the pathogen. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Incubation period: Is the interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptom. · Prodromal phase: Is the interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms. During this time, microorganisms grow and multiply, and client may be more capable of spreading disease to others. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed  Course of infection (cont( · Illness stage: Is the time when client manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection. · Convalescence state: Is the interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear. Length of recovery depends on severity of infection and client's general state of health; recovery may take several days to months. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Breaks in the skin and mucous membranes · Invasive devices · Age · Nutritional factors · Stress · Activity level · Smoking · Medications (Therapeutic Regimen( · Coexisting medical problem Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Def. : It describes a hospital acquired infection, that appear after hospital admission or discharge with 48hrs. Nosocomial infections are classified as infections that originate in the hospital. Nosocomial infections can either develop during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge. It may also be acquired by personnel working in the facility and can cause significant illness and time lost from work Nosocomial infections are a subgroup of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)—those that originate in any health care setting and of hospital- acquired conditions(HACs), which include other types of conditions besides infections Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Iatrogenic : (a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure( · Exogenous : (equipment's used to treat the patient( · Endogenous:( infections can originate from the clients themselves). · Cross :(exogenous and endogenous( Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · The first line of defense: includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry as the skin, mucous membranes and the circulatory system. · However, and this is not considered a true immune response because it does not involve recognition of a specific foreign substance but it is very general in action.. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · The second line of defense: is a slightly more internalized system of protective cells and fluids that includes inflammation and phagocytosis. It acts rapidly at both local and systemic levels once the first line of defense has circumvented. · The third line of defense is acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by WBCs called lymphocytes. The reaction with each different microbe produces unique protective substances and cells that can come into play if that microbe is encountered again. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Clinical manifestations (local – general.( · Investigations for infection : · Laboratory data (WBC – ESR(. · Bacteriologic tests(culture of body fluids( · Sensitivity tests determine which drug or drugs that a particular microbe is sensitive to. · Intradermal skin tests(inactive diseases such as tuberculosis (. · Radiography. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Localized infections are most common in areas of skin or mucous membrane breakdown. Inspects the area for: · Redness and swelling · Drainage from open lesion · Pain, tenderness around the site. · Tightness and pain caused by edema if the infected area is large enough · The movement of a body part may be restricted. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Fever · fatigue · malaise, and mental changes. · Lymph nodes that drain the area of infection often become enlarged, swollen, and tender during palpation · loss of appetite, nauseas, vomiting · decrease urine output · leukocytosis. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Surveillance and reporting. · Control and Prevention. · * Medical asepsis * surgical asepsis Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Medical asepsis includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms. In medical asepsis, objects are referred to as clean, which means the absence of almost all microorganisms, or dirty (soiled, contaminated), which means likely to have microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Surgical asepsis refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; it includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores (microscopic dormant structures formed by some pathogens that are very hardy and often survive common cleaning techniques). Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Standard precautions · The first tier is standard precautions (SP). Some agencies may use an earlier term—universal precautions (UP) -Transmission based precaution: o Airborne precautions (droplet nuclei of less than 5mm ). o Droplet precautions (large particle droplets of more than 5mm). o Contact precautions (direct or indirect contact). -Isolation precautions -Environmental precautions. · Waste Disposal. · Home care considerations and client teaching. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Universal precaution · Isolation precaution · Hand washing hygiene. · Gloves. · Masks. · Protective eye wear. · Needle stick prevention. · Avoidance of spray and splash Exposure · Linen & Gown. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Cleaning supplies and equipment's. · Disinfection. · Sterilization. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Cleaning is the removal of all soil (organic and inorganic material) from objects and surfaces. · Generally, cleaning involves using of water and mechanical action with detergents products. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Def.: a process that eliminates, inactivates or removes many or all micro-organisms with the exception of bacterial spores from inanimate object. · This is generally accomplished by the use of chemical disinfectant Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Def. : is the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms including spores. · the most common sterilizing agents are: Steam under high pressure (autoclave), dry heat · Sterilization is the only safe method of decontamination for high – risk instruments in the hospital. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Many pieces of equipment are supplied for single use only and are disposed of after use. Some items, however, are reusable. · health agencies require hospitals to develop programs for disposal of wastes categorized as: · Infectious, injurious, or hazardous to employees, clients, visitors, the general public, and the environment. · Most wastes that hospitals produce is not infectious, injurious, or hazardous. Safe wastes include paper, plastic, metal and glass products used for a multitude of purposes within the health care agency. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Def.: Any solid or liquid waste that may present a threat of infection is considered “biohazard”. · This could include laboratory waste, blood or blood products, body fluids, absorbent material saturated with blood or body fluids (either wet or dry), discarded sharps, and nonabsorbent disposable devices (such as drains, excretions, gloves, urine specimens, etc...(. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · It is critical that the biohazard waste be separated at the point of origin or before it leaves the client’s room. This reduces the risk of exposure considerably. The principles of separation are: · Use an impermeable red plastic bag labeled “biohazard”; close bag securely while inside the client’s room. · Use a second red-labeled bag outside the room and place the inside bag in it so that the waste is “double bagged”. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · Do not place red-labeled bag with other waste material, because it will contaminate all waste. · Sharps should be separated from all other waste and placed in a leak and puncture proof container with a biohazard symbol on the outside. · Don’t overfill sharp’s containers, because items could fall out. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed · When transporting biohazard waste within the facility, containers must remain intact. · Outdoor containers should be secured against vandalism and marked or labeled. Dr.Nagwa Mohammed  Quick Quiz! 1. It is the time interval between initial exposure to the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease in a susceptible host. This called ………….. A. Incubation period B. Illness stage C. Convalescence state D. Prodromal phase Dr.Nagwa Mohammed  Quick Quiz! 1. What is the final link in the chain of infection? A. Portal of exit B. Portal of entry C. Susceptible host D. Reservoir Dr.Nagwa Mohammed Any Question ? Thanks Dr.Nagwa Mohammed