Infection and Inflammation PDF

Infection and Inflammation Clinical pharmacist Dr.Fatima Bani Salama Outlines Definition of important term. Sources of infection. Disease stages. Inflammation (Acute inflammation, chronic inflammation ) Host: refers to humans supporting the nutritional and physical gr...

Infection and Inflammation Clinical pharmacist Dr.Fatima Bani Salama Outlines Definition of important term. Sources of infection. Disease stages. Inflammation (Acute inflammation, chronic inflammation ) Host: refers to humans supporting the nutritional and physical growth of microorganisms. Infection: describe the presence and multiplication within a host, with subsequent injury to the host. Colonization: describes the act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection. Infectious Disease: the infected host displays a decline in wellness due to the infection  Sources of infection Nosocomial: Infection that develop in people while there are hospitalized Community acquired: infection that are acquired outside health care facilities.  Symptomatology specific (reflect the site of infection) -diarrhea -rash -convulsions -hemorrhage -pneumonia non specific -fever -myalgia -headache -lethargy  Stages of Disease Course  The course of any infectious disease can be divided into several distinguishable stages after the point when the potential pathogen enters the host. These stages are:  the incubation period.  the prodromal stage.  the acute stage.  the convalescent stage.  the resolution stage 1. Incubation period: -pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizable symptoms in the host. -may be short (6 – 24 hrs) as in salmonellosis or prolonged as in hepatitis B (50 -180) days. 2. Prodromal stage: -initial appearance of symptoms in the host, although the clinical presentation during this time may be only a vague sense of malaise. -May also include fever, headache, and fatigue. ‫في الطب‪ ،‬البادرة‬ ‫هي العرض (أو‬ ‫التماثل‬ ‫مجموعة األعراض)‬ ‫للشفاء‬ ‫األولى التي قد‬ ‫تشير إلى بدء‬ ‫اإلصابة بـ مرض ما‬ ‫قبل ظهور‬ ‫األعراض الخاصة‬ ‫بهذا المرض‪.‬‬ 3. Acute stage: -the host experience the maximum impact of the infectious process corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the pathogen. -Symptoms more specific and pronounced than in the prodromal phase. 4. Convalescent period: -characterized by control of infection - progressive elimination of the pathogen -repair of damaged tissue and resolution of associated symptoms. 5. Resolution: is the total elimination of a pathogen from the body without residual signs or symptoms Virulence factors  are products generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease.  four categories: 1- Toxins. 2- Adhesion factors. 3- Evasive factors. 4- Invasive factors. 1. Toxins (bacterial toxic can be divided into ) :  Exotoxins: are proteins released from bacterial cell during growth leading to injury and death of cell  Endotoxins: are complex molecules composed of lipids and polysaccharide found in the cell wall of gram- negative bacteria. == A small amount of endotoxins in the circulation can induce clotting, bleeding, inflammation, hypotension, and fever. 2.Adhesion Factors o The site to which microorganisms adhere is called receptor. o The reciprocal substance that bind to the receptor is called a ligand or adhesion 3.Evasive Factors o Produced by microorganism and enhance virulence by evading various components of the host's immune system. 4. Invasive Factors Products produced by infectious agents that facilitate the penetration of anatomic barriers and host tissue. For example: enzymes that destroyed cellular membrane (e.g., phospholipases) connective tissue (e.g. collegenase), structural proteins (e.g. protease)