Industrial Revolution PDF

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION © Student Handouts, Inc. Fun Fact  In the early days of the Industrial Revolution, factory workers were so fed up with long hours and poor conditions that they sometimes resorted to sneaky tricks to make their lives a bit easier. Some would...

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION © Student Handouts, Inc. Fun Fact  In the early days of the Industrial Revolution, factory workers were so fed up with long hours and poor conditions that they sometimes resorted to sneaky tricks to make their lives a bit easier. Some would bring in small pets to keep them company during the long shifts, or sneakily take a nap in hidden corners. Talk about creative problem-solving! Historical Setting  Advances in medicine  Improvements in sanitation promoted better public health  An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines or epidemics  Transportation improvement Historical Setting  Began in United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1780s due to available a. capital (world’s leading commercial power) b. population growth c. coal and iron deposits d. navigable river and ports Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England Capital for Colonies and investing in the Markets for Raw materials means of manufactured for production production goods Merchant Workers Geography marine What was the Industrial Revolution?  The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines  The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies What was the Industrial Revolution?  An era of profound and radical economic, social, and technological transformation that began in 18th century Europe, specifically in England, and spread in throughout Europe and United States, ending in mid-19th and early 20th centuries. The Industrial Revolution  Machines were invented which replaced human labor  New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)  Some historians place advances in atomic, solar, and wind energy at the later stages of the Industrial Revolution  Increased use of metals and minerals  Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc. The Industrial Revolution  Transportation improved  Ships ○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships ○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers  Trains  Automobiles  Communication improved  Telegraph  Telephone  Radio Developments  Mass production of goods  Increased numbers of goods  Increased diversity of goods produced  Development of factory system of production  Rural-to-urban migration  People left farms to work in cities  Development of capitalism  Financial capital for continued industrial growth  Development and growth of new socio-economic classes  Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class  Commitment to research and development  Investments in new technologies  Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth Takeaways  Late 1700s-1900s, the industrial revolution transformed the economies of Europe and United States  From agricultural to industrial  Majority rural (country) population to majority urban (city) population Causes of the Industrial Revolution Renaissance Capitalism Liberalism Now free of Liberal religion; Bourgeois Thinking was centered on (capitalists) influenced by human reason Protestatism Development of Steam Engines  Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers  Early water power had problems  Not enough rivers to provide the power needed to meet growing demand  Rivers and streams might be far removed from raw materials, workers, and markets  Rivers are prone to flooding and drying Steam Engines  By 1800, steam engines were replacing water wheels as sources of power for factories  Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports  Cities grew around the factories built near central England’s coal and iron mines  Manchester, Liverpool  Transportation Search for Better and Increased more markets faster means production and raw of materials transportation Before the Industrial Revolution Canal barges pulled by mules Ships powered by sails Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages After the Industrial Revolution Trains Steamships Trolleys Automobiles Takeaways  The steam engine was the basis for all the development that came about as a result of the industrial revolution. This invention was possible thanks to the existence of fuels such as coal and iron.  Along with this, other factors made it possible for the industrial revolution to emerge, develop in England and give rise and give rise to important changes that had great impact on society Cottage Industry  The cottage industry was method of subcontracting production of goods especially the weaving of cloth  Merchants supplied, or put out, raw materials to local workers to complete at home and then paid piecework for the finish product The “Putting-Out” System Inventions/Machines  Steam engine (1765)  Spinning jenny (1764)  Cotton gin (1793)  Electric telegraph (1837)  Electric telephone (1876)  Sewing machine (1846)  Power loom (1785) Inventions/Machines Inventions/Machines Inventions/Machines Inventions/Machines Inventions/Machines Agriculture and Industry  The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms  The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed  Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories  This is called rural-to-urban migration  Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more crops  Food to eat  Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories THE RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Results of the Industrial Revolution Expansion of world trade Factory system Economic Mass production of goods Changes Industrial capitalism Increased standard of living Unemployment Decline of landed aristocracy Growth and expansion of democracy Political Increased government involvement in society Increased power of industrialized nations Changes Nationalism and imperialism stimulated Rise to power of businesspeople Development and growth of cities Social Improved status and earning power of women Increase in leisure time Changes Population increases Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc. Science and research stimulated Problems of the Factory System  Factories were crowded, dark, and dirty  Workers toiled from dawn to dusk  Young children worked with dangerous machinery  Employment of women and children put men out of work  Women and children were paid less for the same work  Technological unemployment – workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines Labor Conditions  Laborers often worked in dangerous and hazardous conditions  Children and women exploitation Reasons for Child Labor  The frequency of child labor throughout the Industrial Revolution was caused by some factors. The requirement for a cheap and plentiful labor force was one of the main factors. Due to their tiny size, propensity for adapting to tedious chores, and willingness to work for minimal pay, children were considered a source of inexpensive labor.  Additionally, many families lived in abject poverty, necessitating the employment of children. The dependence on child labor was also influenced by adult employment prospects and a lack of education. Child Labor: Children as scavengers in textile factories Women Exploitation: Women working at Magnolia Cotton Mills Mississippi, USA Poor Living Conditions  Factories driven solely by profit  Businesses largely immune to problems of workers  Factory (also company or mill) towns  Towns built by employers around factories to house workers  Workers charged higher prices than normal for rent, groceries, etc. ○ Workers often became indebted to their employers ○ Created a type of forced servitude as workers had to stay on at their jobs to pay their debts  Considered paternalistic by workers ○ Some employers had workers’ interests at heart ○ But workers wanted to control their own lives  The Class Struggle  According to Marxism, there are two main classes of people: The bourgeoisie controls the capital and means of production, and the proletariat provide the labor. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels say that for most of history, there has been a struggle between those two classes. This struggle is known as class struggle. Takeaways  Mechanization of labor and large factories  Changes in economic structure and society (bourgeois/capitalists and proletariat/workers)  Growth of cities and rural flight THE LABOR MOVEMENT Changing Employee-Employer Relationships  Domestic system  Workers and employers knew each other personally  Workers could aspire to become employers  Factory system  Workers no longer owned the means of production (machinery)  Employers no longer knew workers personally ○ Factories often run by managers paid by the corporation  Relationships between employers and employees grew strained Slum Living Conditions  Factory towns – often built and owned by factories  Not a strange concept to rural-to-urban migrants who were used to living on a lord’s estate or property  Full of crowded tenements  Few amenities  Tenements – buildings with rented multiple dwellings  Apartment buildings with a more negative connotation  Overcrowded and unsanitary  Workers were unsatisfied both inside and outside the factories Rise of Labor Unions  Before labor unions, workers bargained individually – “individual bargaining”  Before factories, a worker could bargain for better wages and working conditions by arguing his or her particular skills  But in factories, work is routine and one worker can easily replace another  With labor unions, workers bargained together as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining”  Organized groups of workers elected leaders to bargain on their behalf  Used tools (such as strikes) to gain rights  Weapons Used by Unions and Employers Weapons Used by Employers Weapons Used by Unions At-will employment Boycotts Blacklists Check-offs Company unions Closed shops Individual bargaining Collective bargaining Injunctions Direct political action Laws that limit union activities Favorable labor legislation Lockouts Feather-bedding Open shops Lobbying Outsourcing Picketing Relocation Sabotage Right-to-work laws Strikes Threat of foreign competition Union label Welfare capitalism Union shops Yellow-dog contracts Legal Protections for Workers  Limited hours for women  Later – equal pay for equal work  Eventual end to child labor  Schools and requirements for school attendance grew as children were removed from the workforce  Health and safety codes  Minimum wage  Legalization of unions