Indus Valley Civilization PDF

C INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION SS R A RM PA  Indus Valley civilization Also known as Bronze Age Urban civilization From 2600 BC-1700 BC Near: Indus/Sindhu river...

C INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION SS R A RM PA  Indus Valley civilization Also known as Bronze Age Urban civilization From 2600 BC-1700 BC Near: Indus/Sindhu river C Name by: John Marshall Director of Archaeological Survey of India First Chairman: Alexander Also known as “Happan Civilization” SS Cunningham (Father of Archeology) Spread Across India Punjab Haryana Rajasthan Western Uttar Pradesh R A Pakistan Punjab RM Sindh Baluchistan Manda (J & K) PA Sutkagendor Alamgirpur (Uttar (Baluchistan) Pradesh) Near Makran Coast Daimabad (Maharashtra) Highly populated  C Tin found here SS R Bronze found here A Citadel Town Planning RM Citadel and Lower Town Citadel: Higher Town (Western side) Also known as Acropolis PA Lower Town: Common people stayed City without Citadel: Chanhudaro Middle one Lower Town 3 set Citadel: Dholavira (Gujarat) Grid System Roads cut each other at 90 C SS Great Bath Largest in: Mohenjadaro Located in: Citadel Ritual bathing by people Floor made of: burnt bricks Rectangular shape R A Great Granary Storage of grains RM Largest building/structure Found in: Mohenjadaro Rectangular shape Granary at Harappa PA Total: 12 (6 in each row)  Drainage System Manholes in middle C SS Agriculture Evidences found: wheat, rai , peas, barley, cotton, etc R Ploughshare found Kalibangan (Rajasthan) Gabarband/Nala To store water Found in Baluchistan/Afghanistan They were Pastoral community A Rice evidence in: Lothal (Gujarat) They were first to produce cotton RM Spinning wheels found Male deity 3 horned Known as Sindon headed Domestication of Animals Domesticated: Buffalo, goat, sheep, pigs, oxen PA Cow domestication Asses and Camels for good carriers Horse evidence: Surkotada (only single bone found) For SSC: answer is “no” They knew about Elephants Seen in seals Pashupati Seal Proto shiva in yogic posture  Animals in seal: B: Buffalo E: Elephant One horned animal T: Tiger R: Rhino (also called “Unicorn”) Deer C Technology and Crafts SS Bronze tools found They did not know about Iron Occupation: textile, brick layering, boat making, bead Boat shown in seal making/jewellery making Jadeite stone: found in Daojali Hading (Assam) Gold ornaments found Bought from Karnataka R Pottery, Potter’s wheel found (Red and Black pots) Made of: A Trade Steatite Terracotta Through evidence of seals RM Trade with Mesopotamia (Iraq) Harappan seals found Ornaments of IVC Known as Meluha Weights and measures found Well defined (16/multiples) No currency used Barter system prevalent Shortughai PA (Trading colony) Intermediate Stations Two rivers: Tigress Euphrates Jadeite stone Trading sites Also traded: Lapis Lazuli (Blue precious stone) Polity C No temple found Priest class domination Trading community May have been ruled by a Merchant class SS Religious Practices Worshipped: Phallus: Male yoni/genital organ Yoni: Female genital organ They worshipped trees Worshipped animals R A RM Terracotta figure of a women Symbolises: a tree growing PA out of an embryo (represent Mother Earth) Made of clay Amulet Script Script was Pictographic (in picture form) Script is known as: Baustrophedon C SS Images R A RM PA Bearded man Dancing girl statue Made of steatite Made of Bronze In Tribhanga Mudra (Form of dance) Obtained from Mohenjadaro  Site River/Year/Discoverer Characteristics Features Harappa Ravi, 1921 by Dayaram 6 granaries in a row (Punjab) Sahini Chanhudaro Indus, by Gopal Majumdar City without citadel (Sindh) C Mohenjadaro Indus, by R. D. Banerjee Bronze dancing girl statute, SS (Sindh) bearded man (made of steatite), clay figure of mother Goddess, Known as: Mount of dead great bath, granary Lothal Bhogava Ancient port, Dockyard was (Gujarat) R found, terracotta ship, fire altar, Joint burial A Kalibanga Ghaggar Black bangles, ploughed field, (Rajasthan) houses had their own wells 7 fire alters found RM Surkagendor Coastal cities Surkotada Dholavira Divided in three parts, giant water (Gujarat) reservoirs found Kutch area PA Rakhigarhi Ghaggar Largest site in India, terracotta (Haryana) wheel, toys Bhirrana Oldest IVC site (Haryana) Banawali Ghaggar, by R. S. Bisht Lack of grid pattern (Haryana) Ropar Burial with dog, oval burial pits Largest city: Mohenjadaro C Types of Burials SS R A Coffin Burial RM Found in Harappa Double burial Joint burial Seen in Lothal PA Sanauli Extended burial (Uttar Pradesh) One liners (MCQs) Nearest site near Bolan Pass: Mehrgarh Inamgaon is situated on banks of: Ghod river Shortugai (Harappan site) located in: Afghanistan C SS R A RM PA