Indo-pak Pre Partition History 1940 PDF

Pakistan: Ideology, Constitution and Society Resource Person: Mrs.Mehwish Younas Email: [email protected]  “The more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in battle.” Norman Schwarzkopf Topic: Tracing History: The Resurgence of Muslim Political Movement (till 1940) Core Reading...

Pakistan: Ideology, Constitution and Society Resource Person: Mrs.Mehwish Younas Email: [email protected]  “The more you sweat in peace, the less you bleed in battle.” Norman Schwarzkopf Topic: Tracing History: The Resurgence of Muslim Political Movement (till 1940) Core Reading Pakistan Studies by M.R. Kazmi (Page no:61 till 98) Recommended: ‘Why Jinnah Matters’ by Akbar S. Ahmad in Pakistan beyond the Crisis State History of sub-continent can be divided into 3 parts Medieval India (712-1857) Pre-Partition History (1857-1947) Post-Partition History (1947 till date) Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857) The Tripartite struggle was a skirmish for supremacy and control over the central Gangetic valley In AD 712, Attack of Muhammed Bin Kassim Growth of Sufism Succeeded by: Muhammad Ghazni (AD 1000-27) Muhammad Ghori (AD 1175-1206) The major South Indian kingdoms during Medieval India are Vijayanagara and Bhamini. Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857) Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD) Slave Dynasty (Mamluk) Khilji Dynasty Tuglaq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodi Dynasty Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857) Mughals Later Mughals Arrival of Europeans Pre-Partition History (1857-1947) 1857 - War of Independence 1857-58 the great divide in nineteenth century. a reaction to British policies Governor General Lord Dalhousie (1848- 56) The immediate spark for mutiny by Indian soldiers was the introduction of new Enfield rifle, which had cartridge allegedly greased with cow or pig fat, tips of which had to be bitten off before loading their weapons. Both Muslim and Hindu soldiers were outraged at this offence to their religious scruples and refused to comply. the Bengal Army for refusing to load their weapons. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1858, which transferred authority to British Crown, represented in India by Governor General, who thereafter also had the title of Viceroy. 1858 - Aligarh Movement Another response was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) which was called Aligarh Movement after the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh University), which was founded in 1875 at Aligarh in north-central India. Sir Syed considered access to British education as the best means of social mobility for the Muslim under colonial rule. 1866 - Deoband Movement Deoband Movement was started by Muhammad Qasim Nanotavi and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi in 1866. This further gave strength to Aligarh Movement. Deoband Madrassah started functioning in 1866 under the supervision of Muhammad Yaqub. Objective: to abolish British rule and restore the Muslim Community by educating them. 1867 - Urdu Hindi Controversy During Muslim rule, Urdu was declared as official language In 1867, Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded replacement of Urdu with Hindi The reason for opposing Urdu was that, the language was written in Persian script, similar to the Arabic script The headquarters of this movement were in Allahabad. The opposition by Hindus towards Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims of the region that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of Muslims. 1884 - Anjamum Himayat-i-Islam On September 22, 1884, the establishment of Anjuman was formally announced and Qazi Hamid- ud-Din was elected as its first president. Anjuman's aim was to arrange religious and general education for girls and boys and to counter act the propaganda against Islam. 1885 - Indian National Congress English speaking Indians were discovering efficacy of associations and public meetings in propagating their views to a winder audience and in winning the attention of British Government. In 1885 Indian National Congress was founded to formulate proposals and demands to present to British. 1891- Fall of Hunza Hunza, remote kingdom bordering China fell into hands of British, bringing an end to the expansion of British Raj. 1893 - Durand Line Demarcated 1894 - Nadva-tul-Ulema 1898 - Sir Syed Ahmed Khan; the founder of Aligarh movement passed away. He was one of the greatest personalities of the subcontinent. 1905 - Partition of Bengal The partition scheme was announced on September 1, 1905. The new province called Eastern Bengal and Assam, consisted of Assam and Eastern and Northern Bengal. On the area of 106,650 sq miles with a population of 31 million out of which 18 million were Muslims and 12 million were Hindus. The Hindus started the Swadeshi Movement against this partition Ultimately, the British Government bowed down before the Swadeshi Movement and reunited both provinces by ending the partition in 1911. 1906 - Demand at Simla It was in October 1906 that a delegation of about 70 Muslims led by Agha Khan was received in the Ball Room of Viceroy's House at Simla by Lord Minto. They asked for separate representation of Muslims in all levels of Government. 1906 - AII India Muslim League At the dawn of twentieth century, a number of factors convinced Muslims of the need, to have an effective political organization. All India Muslim League was founded by Nawab Salimullah Khan at Dhaka, mainly with the objective of safeguarding the political rights and interests of Muslims. First World War 1914 First World War started in Europe in which the whole world was engulfed. The British, as leader of the Allied Forces, fully participated in the War against opposing Central Powers led by Germany. The problem for the Indian Muslims was that Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers. In this way British Government saw it as their enemy. 1916 - Lucknow Pact The Congress - Muslim League rapprochement was achieved at Lucknow sessions of the two parties in 1916 and a joint scheme of reforms was adopted. In Lucknow Pact, as the scheme was commonly referred to, Congress accepted the principle of separate electorates and Muslims, in return for 'weightage' to Muslims of minority provinces, agreed to surrender their thin majorities in Punjab and Bengal. The post Lucknow Pact period witnessed Hindu-Muslim harmony and the two parties came to hold their annual sessions in the same city and passed resolutions of identical contents. 1919 - Khilafat Movement After World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment. Under the leadership of Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched historic Khilafat Movement to try and save it. Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to associate Hindus with the movement. The ensuing movement was first countrywide popular movement. The general impression among Muslims of India was that the western powers were waging a war against Islam throughout the world in order to rob it of all its power and influence. Jallianwala Massacre, Brig. Gen. R.E.H Dyre ordered to open fire on a peaceful crowd which killed 397 to 1500 people and 1200 injured. 1927 - Simon Commission The British Government announced constitution of a commission under the supervision of Sir John Simon in November 1927. The commission having no Indian members was sent to investigate India's constitutional problems and make recommendations to the Government on future constitution of India. Congress boycotted the Commission and there was a clear split in Muslim League over this issue. 1928 - Nehru Report After the failure of Simon Commission, there was no alternative for British Government. They knew that Congress and Muslim League were the two main parties and that they both had serious difference of opinions. When All Parties Conference met for the third time in Bombay on May 19, 1928, there was hardly any prospect of an agreed constitution. It was then decided that a small committee should be appointed to work out the details of the constitution. Motilal Nehru headed this committee. 1928 - Nehru Report The committee worked for three months at Allahabad and its memorandum was called the "Nehru Report". The Nehru Report recommended that a Declaration of Rights should be inserted in the constitution assuring the fullest liberty of conscience and religion. The recommendations of Nehru Report went against the interests of the Muslim community. It was an attempt to serve Hindu predominance over Muslims. The Nehru Committee's greatest blow was the rejection of separate electorates. The Muslims were asking for one third representation in the centre while Nehru Committee gave them only one fourth representation. 1929 - Fourteen Points A positive aspect of Nehru Report was that it resulted in the unity of divided Muslim groups. In a meeting of the council of All India Muslim League on March 28, 1929 Quaid-e-Azam termed Nehru Report as a Hindu document, but considered simply rejecting the report as insufficient. It was in this meeting that Quaid-e-Azam presented his famous "Fourteen Points". A resolution was passed according to which no scheme for the future constitution of Government of India would be acceptable to Muslims unless and until it included the demands of Quaid presented in the fourteen points. 1930 - Allahabad Muslim League Annual Conference Allama Muhammad Iqbal gave the most lucid explanation of the inner feelings of Muslim community in his address to All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished those basic emotions and loyalties, which gradually unify scattered individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own. 1930 to 1933 - Round Table Conferences The first session of the conference opened in London on November 12, 1930. All parties were present except for Congress, whose leaders were in jail due to Civil Disobedience Movement. Congress leaders stated that they would have nothing to do with further constitutional discussion unless Nehru Report was enforced in its entirety as the constitution of India. The Muslims demanded maintenance of weightage and separate electorates, Hindus their abolition. The Muslims claimed statutory majority in Punjab and Bengal, while Hindus resisted their imposition. In Punjab, the situation was complicated by inflated Sikh claims. The conference broke up on January 19, 1931 with a general agreement to write safeguards for minorities into constitution. Gandhi - Irwin Pact After the conclusion of the First Round Table Conference, British Government realized that cooperation of the Indian National Congress was necessary for further advancement in making of Indian constitution. Thus, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, extended an invitation to Gandhi for talks. Gandhi agreed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement without laying down any preconditions. The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March 5, 1931. Following are the salient points of this agreement: a. The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement b. The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference c. The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress d. The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offenses not involving....violence e. The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement. Second Round Table Conference The second session of the conference opened in London on September 7, 1931. The main task of the conference was done through two committees on federal structure and minorities. Gandhi claimed that he represented all India and dismissed all other Indian delegates as non-representative because they did not belong to Congress. The communal problem represented the most difficult issue for the delegates. On the concluding day, British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald appealed to Indian leaders to reach a communal settlement. Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in the session of the Second Round Table Conference as he had decided to keep himself aloof from Indian politics and to practice as a professional lawyer in England. Third Round Table Conference On Quaid’s return to India, Gandhi once again started Civil Disobedience Movement and was duly arrested. The third session began on November 17, 1932. Congress was once again absent. Reports of the various committees were scrutinized. The conference ended on December 25, 1932. The recommendations of the Round Table Conferences were embodied in a White Paper. It was published in March 1933 and debated in parliament directly afterwards, analyzed by the Joint Select Committee and after the final reading and loyal assent, the bill reached the Statute Book on July 24, 1935. 1938 - Death of Allama Iqbal Allama Iqbal died in 1938 and was buried in front of Badshahi Mosque Lahore. 1939 - Day of Deliverance Muslim League celebrated Day of Deliverance (Yum-i-Nijat) on December 22, 1939. 1940 - Pakistan Resolution The twenty-seventh session of All India Muslim League was held at Lahore under presidentship of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The historic "Lahore Resolution, also known as "Pakistan Resolution", was presented by Moulvi Abul Kasim Fazlul Haq, Premier of Bengal. The resolution demanded that Muslim majority areas as in north- western and eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign. Class Discussion To what extent do you believe the events of 1857 (the Indian Rebellion) influenced the trajectory of the Pakistan Movement? Assignment: Write a brief answer. (100 to 120 words) Do you think the Two-Nation Theory remains relevant in today’s geopolitical context? Submit in both, soft & hard copy by 19th Oct,2024 (No plagiarism) [email protected]