Indian River System PDF

Classification: (Basis of Origin) 1. The Himalayan River (Ganga, Indus, Bramhaputra) 2. Peninsular River East Flowing West Flowing (Mahanadi, Godavari, (Mahi, Sabarmati, Krishna, Kaveri) Tapi, Narmada) [SMN] 3. Costal Rivers (Pennar, Periyar, Ri...

Classification: (Basis of Origin) 1. The Himalayan River (Ganga, Indus, Bramhaputra) 2. Peninsular River East Flowing West Flowing (Mahanadi, Godavari, (Mahi, Sabarmati, Krishna, Kaveri) Tapi, Narmada) [SMN] 3. Costal Rivers (Pennar, Periyar, Rishikullya, Vaigal) 4. Inland Rivers (Luni, Ghaggar, Imphal) Ganga : Source → Gomukh Cave → Gangatri Glaciar (Lesser Himalay) Uttar Kashi District → Uttarakhand The Ganges is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,704 km (1,680 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It flows south and east through the Gangetic plain of North India, receiving the right-bank tributary, the Yamuna. The Ganges continues into Bangladesh, its name changing to the Padma. It is then joined by the Jamuna (the lower stream of the Brahmaputra) and flows with the name of Meghna, forming the major estuary of the Ganges Delta, and emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The main stem of the Ganges begins at the town of Devprayag, at the confluence of the Alaknanda, and the Bhagirathi, which is considered the source stream of Ganges. The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gomukh, at an elevation of 4,356 m. The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and foot of the Satopanth glaciers (Gadrinath) in Uttarakhand. Total lengh → 2525 Km Uttarakhand → 110 Km (Min) Uttar Pradesh → 1450 Km (Max) Bihar → 445 Km West Bengal → 520 Km Tributaries Longest Tributory → Yamuna Largest 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 on the basis of volume of water → Gharghar Distributary of ganga river: Bhagirathi and Hooghly.  Farakka Barrage Situated in Murshidabad Construction stated → 1965, Completed → 1974 Total length → 2304 Mt. To navigate Kolkata Part 109 lock gates Feeder Canal To supply water from Ganga to Bhagirathi Jangipur Barrage is situated in Feeder Canal Farakka Treaty Farakka Treaty→ 1996 Ex. Prime Minister of India → Shri Debegoura + Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sk Hasina + Jyoti BAsu (Ex. Chief Minister of West Bengal) Availability Share of India Share of Bangladesh 1. 70000 cusecs or less 50% 50% 2. 70000-75000 cusecs Balance of the 35000 cusecs flow 3. 75000 cusecs or more 40000 cusecs Balance of the flow Left Bank Tributaries: West 𝑡𝑜 East arrangement of these rivers. Ramganga – Gomti – Gharghara – Gandok – Bari Ganda → Koshi Right Bank Tributaries: West 𝑡𝑜 East arrangement of these rivers. Yamuna – Sone – Mayurakshi – Ajay – Damodar Left Bank Tributaries: Ram Ganga: Source → The Ramganga River originates in the slopes of Dudhatoli Hill in Garhwal Dist (Uttarakhand). Mouth → Farukhabad (Uttar Pradesh) Gomti: It originate from Gomat taal/Fulhar Jheel, Madho Tanda (Pilibhit District in Uttar Pradesh). Mouth → Saidpur Near Varanasi Gharghara: Source – Gurla Mandhata Peak (Mapchachungo Glacier) in Tibet. In Nepal → Karnali Tributary → Sarda, Sarju, Rapti Mouth → Chhapra (Bihar) Gandak: Source – Nhubine Himal Glacier in the Mustang Region (Tibet-Nepal Border). Others name → Gandaki, Krishna Gandaki, Kali Gandaki Tributary → Mayangodi, Bari, Trishul Mouth → Hazipur (Bihar) Buri Gandak: It originates from Chautarwa Chaur, West Champaran Dist in Bihar. Mouth →Khagaria Other Name → Narayani Tributary → Masan, Balor, Sikta, Danda Koshi: Source→ Tiber near Nepal Border Other Name → Sarrow of Bihar, Saptakoshi The Kosi River is known as the "Sorrow of Bihar" as the annual floods affect about 21,000 km2 of fertile agricultural lands thereby disturbing the rural economy. Tributary → Arun, Tamur, Dudh Koshi, Bhate Koshi, Tama Koshi, Indrabati, Likhukhala Mouth → Kathiar Right Bank Tributaries: Yamuna The source of Yamuna lies in the Yamunotri Glacier at an elevation of 6,387 metres (20,955 ft), on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks, which lie in the Mussoorie range of the Lower Himalayas, north of Haridwar in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. Length → 1376 Km. Triburary → Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sindh, Tons, Himdon Tons River - Yamuna's largest tributary. Chambal River, known as Charmanvati in ancient texts, which is Yamuna's longest tributary. It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, which is a site of the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years. Mouth → Prayag Raj/Allahabad/Triveni Sangam. Triveni Sangam is the confluence of the Ganges (Ganga), the Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati River. Covering state → Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Hariyana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh Sone : Source → Johilla, Gopat, Rihand, Kannar, North Koel. The Koel is fed by three streams in Jharkhand, namely The North Koel, South Koel and Koina river. The South Koel enters Odisha and joins with Sankh River near Rourkela from where it is named as Brahmani. Govind Ballavh Pant Sagar → Largest artificial Lake → Rihand river. Covering State → Madhya Pradesh, Chhatishgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar Mouth → Patna Mayurakshi : It has its source on Trikut Hills, about 16 kilometres (10 mi) from Deoghar in Jharkhand state. Covering state → Jharkhand, West Bengal (Birbhum + Murshidabad) Tributary → Pushkani, Kopai, Bakreshwar, Bramhani Dam → Massanjor Dam/Canada Dam (Jharkhand) Apart from the Massanjore Dam there is a barrage named Tilpara barrage, near Suri. Mouth → Kandi (Murshidabad), River → Bhagirathi Others Name → Mayur → Peacock’s Akshi → Eye Mar river Mayurakshi literally means "peacock eyes". The comparison is with the beautiful feathers on a peacock's tail. Mayurakshi though named after its crystal clear water of the dry seasons, floods its valley during the monsoons. Ajay: Source → South Western side of Munger → Bihar Covering state → Jharkhand, West Bengal (1st entry Simjhuri →Birbhum → East Bardhaman), Bihar Mouth → Naring Village → Ketugram → Katwa Tributary → Kunur, Hingla, Pathro, Jayanti Damodar: It originate from Khamarpath Hill in Chandawa Village, Lathehar Dist Jharkhand. Earlier known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of its ravaging floods in the plains of West Bengal. Covering state → Jharkhand, West Bengal (Purulia + Bankura + Purba Bardhaman + Hooghly + Howrah). Mouth→ Kamalpur near Ulluberia → Hooghly River  First Entry Point in Bangladesh → Nababganj Padma & Jamuna meet together at → Aricha Meghna & Padma meet together at → Chandpur Surma & Khushiara meet together at → Kishariganj Ganga is our National River from 2008 (Manmohan Singh) River basin wise bank in India → (1) Ganga, (2) Godavari, (3) Krishna Water Volume/Water flow wise rank → (1) Ganga, (2) Godavari, (3) Bramhaputra Indus Source → Singi Khambab(Sênggê Kanbab) Glaciar (Lion’s Mouth) ↓ Near Manas Sarovar Lake ↓ Kailash Range → Trans Himalaya → Tibet Total Length → 2880 Km, India → 709 Km. Covering Country → China, Pakistan, India (Ladakh 2%) ↓ ↓ (1)Gilgit − Balctistan (2)Khyber 5% → Tibet 13% (3)Sind (4)Punjab } Indus river is flouing between Ladakh and Zaskar Range. It is North-Western most Himalayan River in India Right Bank Tributary → Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, Gomal Left Bank Tributary → Jhelam, Chenab/Asikni, Ravi/Iravati/Parusni, Beas, Sutlej, Zanskar, Soan, Suru Satluj → Longest tributary of Indus Chenab → Longest tributary in India Region Basin Tributaries of Indus : 1. Jhelum and Chenab → Jhung (Pakistan) 2. Chenab + Ravi → Sarai Sidhu (Pakistan) 3. Beas + Satluj → Harike (Punjab, India) 4. Chenab + Satluj → Panjnab (Muzaffargarh) 5. Panchnad + Indus → Mithankot (Pakistan) Himalaya has 2 Syntaxial Bend : 1. Nanga Parbat (8126 Mt) → West most peale of Himalaya 2. Namchabarwa (7756 Mt.) Ohters names of Indus → Darya-e-Sindh/Abasin 7 Sindhu → 1. Kabul, 2. Jhelum, 3. Beas, 4. Satluj, 5. Indus, 6. Chenab, 7. Ravi Main Tributaries of Indus: Name Source Tributary 1. Jhelum/Vitasta Verinag Lake in Lidar, Sindh, Pohri Kashmir Valley 2. Chenab/Asikni Baralachila Pass → Tawl Himachal Pradesh 3. Ravi/Parushni or Hanuman Tibba → Siul Irawati Kulu Hill → Rhatang Pass (Himachal Pradesh) 4. Beas/vipasa Kulu Hill near Rhotang Pass  5. Satluj → “Langchen Rakkhas Taal Lake – Baspa, Spiti, Beas Khambab? In Tiber near Manas Sarovar Lake → Dharma Pass → Kailash Range The river Jhelum is called Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks. The Tomb of Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan are located across the River Ravi in the town of Shahdara Bagh. Indus Water Treaty : Signed between → India and Pakistan → 1960 Ex Prime Minsiter Jahar Lala Nehru and Ex President Ayub Khan According to treaty → Indus + Jehlum + Chenab = Pakistan (80%) Ravi + Beas + Sutlej = India (20% Water) Bramhaputra Brahmaputra means "son of Brahma" in Sanskrit. Source → Chemaungdung Glaciar ↓ Near Manas Sarovar Lake ↓ Kailash Range ↓ Trans Himalaya → Tibet According to Geological Survey of China → Source → Angsi Glaciar → Situated North from Chemaungdung Glaciar Total length → 2960 Km, India → 885 Km. Covering Countries → China (Tibet) + India (Arunachal Pradesh + Assam) + Bangladesh Left Bank Tributaries → Dibong, Lohit, Buri Dihang, Dikhu, Dhansiri, Kopili Right Bank Tributaries → Subansiri, Kameng, Barnedi, Manas, Sankosh, Ridak, Torsha, Jaldhaka, Tista Others name of Brahmaputra Tsangpo → Tibet Siang → Northern Arunachal Pradesh Dihang → Southern Arunachal Pradesh Burlung Buthur → Assam Jamuna → Bangladesh Assam → Red River, Horror River of North East India Local name in assam → Luit River, Dilao River Tibet → Yarlung. Zangbo-Ziangin * Riverwise rank of Potentiality of Hydro Power → 1. Bramhaputra 2. Indus 3. Ganga Majuli → World’s largest island lies on Bramhaputra It was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries, mainly the Lohit. Peacock Island → River Bramhaputra, Smallest inhabitate island of Bramhaputra Kumanda Island, Bashmachal Island Left Bank Tributaries : Dibong : Source → Dibong Valley → Arunachal Pradesh Mouth → Sadiya (Assam) Lohit : Source → Kangri Garpo Range ↓ Tibet Mouth → Sadia Bhupen Hajarika Rail Bridge is situated on the river Lohit, which is India’s longest rail bridge. Lower portion of Lohit river is locally called as Daima (Mother of the world) Buri Dihong : Source → Eastern Himalaya of Arunachal Pradesh Mouth → Dibrugarh Dikhu : Source → Naga Hill Flows through Assam Dhansiri: Source → South West of Naga Hill It flows through Assam Kopilie : Source → Barail Range → Meghalaya Mouth → Hatimukh in Assam Right Banks Subansiri: Source → Tibet Arunachal Pradesh to Assam Gold River (Gold Dust Deposit) ↓ 1. Subarnarekha 2. Sanapat River Valley 3. Pannapuzha River 4. Chabiyar Puzha Mouth → Lakhimpur Largest Tributary Kameng : Source → Twang Dist Local name → Bhareli – Arunachal Pradesh Jai Bhareli → Assam Mouth → Texpur Kaziranga National Park situated near this River. Barnedi : Source → Bhutan Hill Mouth → North Gwahati Manas : Source → Bhutan Hill Longest River of Bhutan Mouth → Jogighapa Sankosh: Source → Tibet Covering Place → Bhutan, Alipurduar, Coochbehar, Assam Eastern most river of West Bengal Raidak : Source → Bhutan Hill Covering place → Bhutan, Alipurduar, Coochbehar, Bangladesh Mouth → Kurigram → Jamuna Called as Wangchu & Wongchu in Bhutan. Two Hydro Projects → a. Chukha Hydro Project; b. Tala Hydro Project Torsha: Source → Chumbi Valley Covering Place → Tibet, Bhutan, Alipurduar, Coochbehar, Bangladesh. Mouth → Near Rangpur → Jamuna Others name → Machu → Tibet Amochu → Butan Jaldhaka : Source → Bidang/Kupup Lake in Sikkim Covering Place → Sikkim → Bhutan → Kalimgpong → Jalpaiguri → Coochbehar → Bangladesh Mouth → Lalmonirhat (Bangladesh) Tista : Source → 1. Paohunri Glaciar → Chalamu lake 2. Zemu Glaciar → Gurudongmar Lake Covering Place → Sikkim → Kalingpong → Darjeeling→ Jalpaiguri → Coochbehar → Bangladesh Mouth → Rangpur (Jamuna) Life line of Sikkim Sorrow of North Bengal Horror River of North Bengal  Peninsular River East Flowing River Mahanadi : Source → Nagri-Shiwa Hill ↓ Dandyakarnya Platue ↓ Raipur → Chhattisgarh Length → 857 Km. Covering state → Chhattisgarh, Odisha Left Bank Tributaries → Ib, Mand, Hasdo, Sheonath Right Bank Tributaries → Jonk, Ong, Tel River Bank city → Raipur, Sambalpur, Cuttack, Paradwip India’s longest Dam is situated on this river → Hirakud Dam Mouth → False Point The Mahanadi was notorious for its devastating floods for much of recorded history. Thus it was called 'the sorrow of Orissa'. However the construction of the Hirakud Dam has greatly altered the situation. Today a network of canals, barrages and check dams keep the river well in control. However heavy rain can still cause large scale flooding as evidenced in September and in 2011, September. Godavari : Source → Trimbak Platue (Nasik) ↓ Bramhagiri Range ↓ Western Ghat ↓ Maharshtra Length → 1465 Km. Second longest river of India and longest river of Peninsular area. It is also known as the “Vridha Ganga”. Covering State → Maharashtra + Telengana + Chhattisgarh + Andhra Pradesh + Yanam Dist of Puducherry Left Bank Tributaries → Pen Ganga, Wain Ganga, Indrabati, Sabari, Pranhita, Wardha Right Bank Tributaries → Manjira (largest). It has 6 distributories. River Bank City → Nasik, Nanded (MH), Ramagundam (TL), Rajamundary (AP). Mouth → Rajmundary (Andhra Pradesh) Krishna: 3rd longest river in Peninsular India after Godavari and Ganga. 2nd longest river in India after Godavari (in terms of total course in india). Source → Mahabaleshwar Peak ↓ Western Ghat → Maharashtra Length → 1290 Km. Left Bank Tributaries → Koyna, Bhima, Musi, Munneru ↓ ↓ Mutha Hyderabad ↓ Mula (Puhe) Right Bank Tributaries → Tungabhadra, Ghatprova, Malprova Others name → Krishnaveni, Telegu Ganga Mouth → Hamsaladevi Bhahini Island → Vijaywada Vijayawada lies on the banks of Krishna river. The Krishna-Godavari delta known as "Rice Granary of India Cauvery: Source → Talcauvery → Kodayu Dist → Bramhagiri Dist. ↓ Western Ghat ↓ Karnataka Length → 857 Km. 805 Km. Covering State → Karnataka – Tamil Nadu – Puducherry Longest River of Tamil Nadu, divides Tamil Nadu into two parts (bisect) Mouth → Poompuhar (Tamil Nadu) ‘Ganga of South’ Pomni River → Local name (Tamilnadu) Left Bank Tributaries → Herangi, Hemboti, Lokpavori, Shrimsa, Arkabati Right Bank Tributaries → Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Subarnab Bhavani, Amarabati Couvery river has a waterfall in → Karnataka → Shibsamudram West Flowing River: Narmada: The Narmada River, also called the Reva and previously also known as Narbada. Source → Narmadakund → Amarkantak → Madhya Pradesh Length → 1312 Km. Longest West flowing River 2nd longest in peninsular platue region Covering State → Madhya Pradesh + Maharashtra + Gujarat Right Bank Tributaries → Hiran, Orsang, Barma, Kollar Left Bank Tributaries → Burhnar, Banjar, Shar, Tawa, Kundi  Flowing between Vindhya and Satpura Range. Flows through Rift Valley (Sone, Damodar, Tapti) Mouth → Gulf of Khambat Life Line of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat Waterfalls → a. Dhuandhar/The clould of Mist/Marble falls b. Kaplidhara c. Mandar falls d. Dardi falls Sardar Sarovar Dam: Situated in Gujarat. This dam is called 'the lifeline of Gujarat'. Main purpose – irrigation & Hydroelectricity ↓ Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra India’s largest congcrete dam (volume used) World’s largest congcrete dam → Cubee Dam (USA) Tapi/Tapti: Source → Multai Spring → Madhya Pradesh Covering State → Madhya Pradesh + Maharashtra + Gujarat Total length → 730 Km. Mouth → Gulf of Khambat Others name → Narmada’s twin Maid of Narmada River bank cities → Surat, Nashik Right Bank Tributaries → Bethul, Patki, Ganjal, Bokad, Borar Suki Left Bank Tributaries → Purna, Kapra, Sipra, Girna Sabarmati: Source → Mewar Hill → Aravalli Range → East Rajasthan Length → 371 Km. Covering State → Rajasthan + Gujurat Tributary → Jawai, Wakal Mouth → Gulf of Khambat Sabarmati is a combined stream of → Sabar + Hathmati Atal Foot Bridge is situated on this river Mahi: Source → Vindhya Range → Madhya Pradesh Length → 583 Km. Covering State → Madhya Pradesh + Rajasthan + Gujarat Tributary → Som, Asan Mouth → Gulf of Khambat Coastal Rivers: 1. Pennar , 2. Periyar, 3. Rishikullya, 4. Vaigai Pennar : Source → Nandi Hill → Karnataka Covering State → Karnataka + Andhra Pradesh Others name → Penna, Penneru Mouth → Bay of Bengal Periyar : "Lifeline of Kerala" Source → Sivagiri Hill → Tamil Nadu Covering State → Tamil Nadu + Kerala Mouth → Lakshadweep Sea, Near Vembanad Lake Mulla-Periyar Dam → a. Situated in Periyar in Kerala b. Controvertial Dam between Tamil Nadu & Kerala Idukki Dam → Periyar, Kerala Rishi Kullya : Source → Rushimala Hill → Odisha Mouth → Bay of Bengal, near Paradweep Vaigai: Source → Periyar Plateau → Tamil Nadu Covering State → Tamil Nadu Southern most main river in India Chittar is Southern most river in India  Inland River Luni: Source → Annasagar Lake / Pushkar Lake ↓ Ajmer Dist → Rajasthan Combined stream of Saraswati + Sagarmati Govindagarh Length → 482 Km. Covering State → Rajasthan + Gujarat Mouth → Runn of Kutch Others name → Lonari, Lovanvari In it’s first stage also called → Sagarmati Ghaggar: Source → Lower slope of Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh) Covering State → Himachal Pradesh + Punjab + Hariyana + Rajasthan Mouth → Sand desert of Rajasthan