Indg 101.docx

Indg 101 ======== **Week 1 Recap:** **Single story**: Story from one perspective How are single stories created? - What are the dangers of a single story? - What does Adichie say about stereotypes? Why do all stories matter? **Section 35 (1):** Canadian constitution, Recognizes and af...

Indg 101 ======== **Week 1 Recap:** **Single story**: Story from one perspective How are single stories created? - What are the dangers of a single story? - What does Adichie say about stereotypes? Why do all stories matter? **Section 35 (1):** Canadian constitution, Recognizes and affirms existing aboriginal rights and treaty rights **Section 35 (2):** Canadian constitution, recognizes three distinct groups of aboriginal peoples, meti, first nations, and inuit **Constitution Act of 1982:** The highest law in the land **Allies:** Settlers mobilized to effect social change and justice **The Royal Proclamation:** Recognizes indigenous as a sovereign group **Colonialism:** Practice of domination - - - **Civilizing Mission**: Argument which suggests that a temporary period of political dependence or tutelage was necessary in order for "uncivilized" societies to advance to the point where they were capable of sustaining liberal institutions and self-government - - - **Papal Bull:** Charter/decree made by a sitting pope, head of the catholic church - **Bull Inter Caetera:** Issues on May 4, 1493 (1 year after columbus's discovery) - - - **Doctrine of Discovery** This doctrine on which all european states relied established iberian monarchies exclusive rights under christian canon law to colonize foreign peoples. The French and the newly independent United States used this instrument to continue colonization of North America, begun by the British. Doctrine: a principle of law established through past decisions Founded on papal bulls that expressed territorial sovereignty for christian monarchs Established a religious, political, and legal justification for the colonization and seizure of land not inhabited by christians Repudiated in 2023 by the catholic church **Manifest Destiny:** the doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American Continents was both justified and inevitable **Terra Nullius:** Latin for Land without owners. In international law, it indicates land has been claimed by no sovereignty ### Colonization through legislation **The Royal Proclamation of 1763** - - - - - - **Treaties:** Agreement between two sovereign nations - The **Numbered Treaties** are a series of **eleven treaties** signed between the aboriginal peoples in canada and the reigning monarch of canada from 1871 to 1921 **Indian Act (1876) :** - - - - - **Act for the Protection of Indians in upper Canada, 1839** - **The Gradual civilization Act, 1857** - In summary, the **Indian Act** is a legal document intended to terminate the cultural, social, economic and political distinctiveness of first nations peoples by absorbing them into mainstream canadian life and values. Administered by CIRNAC (Indian Affairs) Amendments 1884 - Potlatch forbidden ([Potlatch was a gathering of indigenous who gave and shared with each other; colonizers felt threatened]) 1951 - They were allowed to practice their OWN religion 1985 - End gender discrimination **Who is eligible for treaty benefits?** - - - - - - - - **IRS (Indian Residential School)** As of 1920, it became mandatory in the Indian Act that parents send their children to school operated under the ministry of Indian Affairs **The White Paper, 1969** Proposed the "White Paper" that calls for the abolishment of the indian act and the category of "Indian," effectively disinheriting Status Indians from any promises encoded in treaties and in federal legislation like the Indian act. Indigenous leaders rise up in opposition and the proposal is killed. **The Red Paper, 1970** Opposition is often known as the Red Paper of 1970, co authored by Harold Cardinal, a 23 year old lawyer and political leader **The Written Word** (Differs from the traditional oral history/storytelling of the indigenous cultures) Prioritized by western society as the dominant form of record keeping - - **Oral history and Traditions** In the form of stories, narratives, songs, dances, and ceremonial objects - - - - **Role of Landscape** - - - **Week 1 Discussion Response:** Humility is being able to be humble and understand your place in comparison to the vast world around you. A key concept covered that invoked a unique connection to me was the doctrine of \"Manifest Destiny\" (Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2016), a concept that states the expansion of the United States throughout the American Continents was both justified and inevitable. This specific belief aligned with my previous misinformed opinion on the colonization of the Americas, believing that throughout human history, the conquering of distinct civilization was prevalent so there shouldn\'t be special treatment. Reading the Truth and Reconciliation Commission\'s Calls to Action \"National Council for Reconciliation No. 53,\" induced humility within me, understanding that it\'s not my right to assume what\'s appropriate to mend the actions done, it\'s a right unique to the Aboriginals Peoples of Canada. **References** America's manifest destiny. The American Experience in the Classroom. (n.d.). Truth and reconciliation commission of canada: Calls to action. (n.d.). Week 3 Code of conduct 5-6 points Eastern Woodlands were colonized first in the early 1800s, later moving west in the late 1800s St. Lawrence river was key point of trade to europe Great lakes nearby, create their own weather patterns Forests lose their leaves **Beothuk (Bay aw thick)** - - - - - - Early settlers came in the 1600's, before that only fishers came etc. Create fish traps to trap salmon offspring, Beothuk people were killed trying to save the salmon from the traps Believed in multiplicity of animate beings (everything in nature has a spirit) Original "Red Indians" because they coated their skin in red ochre Algonkian speaking **Shanawdithit (1806-1829)** - - - **Demasduit** - - - - Ethnocentrism positions indigenous peoples as inherently inferior **Mi'kmaq (Mig Maw)** This group occupied PEI and new brunswick area **Etuaptmunk: Two Eyed Seeing** Introduced by elder Albert Marshall Refers to learning to see from one eye with the strengths of the indigenous ways and from the other eye western science and you can combine the two Understanding 2 perspectives Foundation is an exchange of stories Language, **Eastern Woodland** - - Europeans called them "Huron" as a derogatory term based on their hair **Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse)** - - - First fully functioning democracy Name refers to a confederacy of sovereign nations - - - **Haudenosaunee Origins:**. Use of wild and domesticated plants. Spiritual Medicine. Importance of Dreams. The role of women and matrilineal descent. Tension between creation and destruction. Nature vs. Nurture **Elders** - - - - **Clan Mothers:** - - - - **Agriculture:** Woodland cultures practiced swidden (slash and burn) agriculture - **The three sisters** refers to corn, bean, and squash - Thanksgiving address **Harvest celebration** - A coming together of indigenous nations to feed starving colonists First thanksgiving in 1621 US and Canada thanksgiving are on different dates because of our weather **Global Era** Began 900-250 years ago depending on region Many first encounters were seen as beneficial for both parties, but disease and increased numbers of newcomers changed that dynamic **Wendat (huron)** Long time rival with the haudenosaunee **Fur trade expansion** - - Intense hunting and trapping began to reduce game, especially beavers French tried to convert the wendat to christianity Fur trade intensified warn Wendat (supported by french) Haudenosaunee (supported by english and dutch) **Wampum** Beads made of whelk and quahog shells Used to commemorate many things Can we sewn together to make a belt The U.S. Used the haudenosaunee confederacy as a blueprint for the confederation and us constitution **Western View** Founded on hierarchies where humans are understood to be superior, and the rest of the living world is seen a resources for human development **Indigenous Worldview** Founded on a relational ecological understanding that centers interconnection of humans to living begins including land and water