INCOM_Midterm Exam REVIEWER_SEPT. 18, 2024.pdf

CCINCOML “Computer Systems” Key Components of a Computer System Types:...

CCINCOML “Computer Systems” Key Components of a Computer System Types: ▪ ARM CPUs: Used in mobile devices like Hardware and System Components Motherboard: The main circuit board that smartphones and tablets. connects all components. Hardware ▪ 32-bit CPUs: Common in older laptops Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes and desktops. Hardware refers to the physical components of a instructions from programs. ▪ 64-bit CPUs: Standard in modern computer system. Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for active desktops, laptops, and servers. Hardware is essential as it forms the foundation data and programs. Intel Brands: Core, Pentium, Celeron, Atom, on which software operates Storage Devices (HDD/SSD): Long-term storage Xeon. for programs and data. AMD Brands: Ryzen, Threadripper, Epyc. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Handles Intel Brands: Types of Hardware Components rendering of images and videos. ▪ Core: High-performance desktop and Network Interface Card (NIC): Enables network mobile CPUs. INPUT DEVICES: Allow users to input data into connectivity. ▪ Pentium: Mid-range CPUs. the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner). Cooling Systems: Maintains optimal operating ▪ Celeron: Budget CPUs. OUTPUT DEVICES: Display or produce results temperatures. ▪ Atom: Low-power CPUs for portable from the computer's processes (e.g., monitor, printer, speakers). devices. STORAGE DEVICES: Store data permanently or ▪ Xeon: Server and workstation CPUs with Central Processing Unit (CPU) support for multi-processing. temporarily (e.g., hard drives, SSDs, USB flash drives). The "brain" of the computer AMD Brands: PROCESSING UNITS: Perform calculations and ▪ Ryzen: High-end desktop CPUs. Executes instructions from software programs run programs (e.g., CPU, GPU). ▪ Threadripper: Extreme performance for Types: ARM CPUs for mobile, 32-bit, and 64-bit enthusiasts. NETWORKING DEVICES: Enable communication CPUs for desktops and servers ▪ Epyc: Server-class CPUs. between computers (e.g., routers, switches, Intel versus AMD network cards). Key Features: Function: Executes instructions from software ▪ Clock Speed: Measured in GHz, programs, directs other components. indicates how many instructions per second a CPU can execute. ▪ Cores: More cores allow for better multitasking and parallel processing.  CCINCOML Importance: Network Interface Card (NIC) ▪ Capacity: Determines how much data Memory (RAM) Function: Enables communication over a and how many programs can be stored. network. Function: Stores instructions and data for quick ▪ Speed: Affects loading times and data Types: access by the CPU. access rates. ▪ Wired NIC: Uses Ethernet cables, stable Types: ▪ Virtual Memory: SSDs improve and fast. ▪ DDR (Double Data Rate): Transfers data performance when used as virtual ▪ Wireless NIC: Uses Wi-Fi, offers twice per clock cycle. memory. flexibility and mobility. ▪ DDR2, DDR3, DDR4: Successive generations with higher speeds and capacities. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Configurations: Importance: Function: Renders images, videos, and ▪ Onboard NIC: Integrated into the ▪ Size: More RAM allows for better animations. motherboard. multitasking. Types: ▪ Add-on Card: Separate card that can be ▪ Speed: Faster RAM improves overall ▪ Integrated GPU: Built into the CPU, installed to add or upgrade network performance. sufficient for basic tasks. capabilities. ▪ Front Side Bus (FSB): Connects the CPU ▪ Dedicated GPU: Separate card, and RAM, must be fast to avoid necessary for gaming, video editing, and bottlenecks. 3D rendering. Cooling Systems Key Aspects: ▪ VRAM (Video RAM): Specialized memory Function: Maintains optimal operating Storage Devices temperatures for components. for handling graphics data. ▪ CUDA Cores: Processing units within Types: Types: NVIDIA GPUs, important for parallel ▪ Air Cooling: Uses fans and heat sinks to ▪ Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Uses magnetic processing. dissipate heat. storage, higher capacity, lower cost. ▪ Liquid Cooling: Uses a liquid coolant to ▪ Solid State Drive (SSD): Uses flash transfer heat away from components. memory, faster access speeds, more durable.  CCINCOML Importance: ▪ Prevents Overheating: Critical for system stability and longevity. ▪ Improves Performance: Keeps components running at optimal speeds. Heatsinks and thermal paste ▪ Passive cooling ▪ Transfer heat by convection Motherboard Components Function: Main circuit board that connects and allows communication between components. Components: ▪ Chipset: Controls communication between the CPU, RAM, and other Types of Device Interfaces peripherals. Networking Interfaces: ▪ Sockets and Slots: For CPU, RAM, and expansion cards. Wired: ▪ Buses: Pathways for data transfer. ▪ RJ-11: Used for telephone connections. Upgrade Potential: Compatibility with new ▪ RJ-45: Commonly used for Ethernet Fans components depends on the motherboard's networks. ▪ Active cooling (powered) specifications. ▪ Dissipate warm air from component Wireless: ▪ Case fans draw cool air through front ▪ Bluetooth: Short-range communication vents and expel warm air through back for peripherals and devices. ▪ NFC (Near Field Communication): Used for close-range data transfer.  CCINCOML Display Devices Importance of Hardware Hardware determines the capabilities and Flat-screen displays performance of a computer system. ▪ Replaced analog Cathode Ray Tube High-quality hardware can improve speed, (CRT) monitors efficiency, and user experience. ▪ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)/TFT (Thin Upgrading hardware can extend the life of a Film Transistor) computer system and enhance its capabilities. ▪ Digital signal drives color value of each pixel Software ▪ Vendors—Viewsonic, Iiyama, Sony, What is Software? Panasonic, Toshiba, LG, Acer, Sanyo, Software refers to the programs and operating Mitsubishi systems that run on hardware and perform Touchscreens various tasks. Printer Types It can be broadly classified into system software Laser printer—fuser unit and toner and application software. Digital Projectors Inkjet—ink cartridge and print head Without software, hardware is non-functional. Presentation device to display image to an Greyscale or Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black external screen or surface (CMYK) color printing Types of Software Use same graphics interfaces as monitors Vendors—HP, Epson, Canon, Xerox, Brother, OKI, System Software: Includes operating systems Konica/Minolta, Lexmark, Ricoh, Samsung (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs that manage hardware and basic Webcams system operations. Types of Scanners Application Software: Programs designed to Compact video recording perform specific tasks for users (e.g., Microsoft Imaging device similar to a photocopier Once very low quality, modern webcams are Office, Adobe Photoshop, web browsers, usually HD-quality at least Flatbed form factor specialized applications). Can be built-in for laptops or attached using USB Sheet fed form factor  CCINCOML Importance of Software Importance of Peopleware LANs vs. WANs Software enables hardware to perform useful LAN (Local Area Network): tasks. Peopleware is essential for the effective use and ▪ Typically in a single location. It provides the interface between the user and management of hardware and software. ▪ Can range from small residential the hardware. Skilled personnel can optimize technology use networks to large enterprise networks. Regular updates and maintenance of software and solve complex problems. WAN (Wide Area Network): ensure security and efficiency. Continuous learning and adaptation are required ▪ Spans multiple geographic locations. to keep up with technological advancements. ▪ Often uses service provider networks. Peopleware What is Peopleware? Peopleware refers to the human aspect of Networks computing, including the people who design, Basic Networking Concepts develop, implement, and manage computer Definition of a Network: systems. A network is two or more computer systems It encompasses roles like developers, system linked together to share information and administrators, IT support, end users, project resources. managers, and educators. Peopleware is crucial for the successful Types of Networks: implementation and management of technology. Local Area Network (LAN) Key Roles in Peopleware Wide Area Network (WAN) Network Media Developers/Programmers: Create software and applications. Network Components Wired Connections: System Administrators: Manage and maintain hardware and software infrastructure. Clients and Servers: ▪ Copper wire (Ethernet) IT Support: Provide technical support and Network clients request resources hosted on ▪ Fiber optic cables troubleshoot issues. servers. Wireless Connections: End Users: Individuals who use the computer Network Media: ▪ Wi-Fi systems and software. Wired (Ethernet) ▪ Cellular and satellite communications Project Managers: Oversee technology projects Wireless (Wi-Fi) and ensure successful completion. Trainers/Educators: Teach and train others on how to effectively use technology.  CCINCOML Internet Service Types Wireless Internet Services DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Satellite: ▪ Uses telephone lines, asymmetric ▪ Large coverage area, high latency, speeds, limited by distance to the suitable for rural areas. telephone exchange. Cellular Radio: Fiber Optic: ▪ Uses cellular networks, multiple ▪ High speeds, not affected by electrical generations (3G, 4G, 5G) with varying noise, FTTH requires substantial speeds. investment. Cable: ▪ Uses coaxial cable, often part of CATV service, supports high speeds with DOCSIS.  CCINCOML The Evolution of Computer System FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS (1940-1950) 4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1970-Present) Early Computing Machines TECHNOLOGY: Vacuum tubes used as the main TECHNOLOGY: Microprocessors and VLSI (Very Large technology. Scale Integration) ABACUS: One of the earliest tools for arithmetic calculations. CHARACTERISTICS: Large in size, High electricity CHARACTERISTICS: Greatly reduced size and cost, consumption, Limited to basic arithmetic operations. Dramatic increase in power and capability, Introduction of GUIs, Internet, and mobile computing. Examples: ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer Examples: Intel 4004: First microprocessor, IBM PC, Apple Macintosh 2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1950-1960) PASCALINE: Mechanical calculator invented by Blaise FUTERE TRENDS IN COMPUTING Pascal in the 17th century. TECHNOLOGY: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. QUANTUM COMPUTING: Exploiting quantum CHARACTERISTICS: Smaller I size, More reliable and mechanics to perform complex computations. efficient, Lower electricity consumption. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI): Machines with advanced Example: IBM 1401, CDC 1604 cognitive capabilities. NANOTECHNOLOGY: Further miniaturization of 3RD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1960-1970) computing components. ANALYTICAL ENGINE: Conceptualized by Charles Babbage; considered the first mechanical computer. TECHNOLOGY: Use of Integrated Circuits (ICs). IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS): Interconnected smart devices. CHARACTERISTICS: Further reduction in size, Increased speed and efficiency, Introduction of operating systems EDGE COMPUTING: Processing data closer to the data and multiprogramming. source. Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8  CCINCOML “Software” 2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems Popular Operating Systems Operating System Basics Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to Windows: Developed by Microsoft, widely used Introduction to Operating Systems interact with a computer at the same time. in personal computers. Unix is a classic example of a time-sharing MacOS: Developed by Apple Inc., exclusive to Definition: An OS is system software that operating system, where the CPU time is Macintosh computers. manages computer hardware, software divided among several users, providing a Linux: Open-source, used in servers, desktops, resources, and provides common services for multi-user environment. computer programs. and embedded systems. 3. Distributed Operating Systems Android & iOS: Mobile operating systems for Importance: Facilitates the execution of Distributed operating systems manage a smartphones and tablets. applications and manages hardware resources. group of independent computers and make Main Functions of the OS them appear to the users as a single coherent system. Apache Hadoop is an example that Key Concepts And Components Of An Operating Hardware Interface: The OS provides an allows processing of large data sets across System interface to the hardware for processes, ensuring clusters of computers. Device Drivers that the OS retains all direct control over the 4. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) A device driver is a plug-in module of the OS that hardware devices. RTOS are designed to process data as it handles the management of a particular IO File System: The OS provides a file system that comes in, typically without buffering delays. device. Standardized devices may function with VxWorks is a real-time operating system used abstracts over storage devices so that processes a generic driver, but many devices require a more in embedded systems, including spacecraft, can read and write files without concern for how specific driver for proper functionality. medical devices, and industrial robots, they are precisely stored. where timing is crucial. 5. Embedded Operating Systems Preemptive Multitasking: User Interface: The OS provides a user interface Embedded operating systems are A primary goal of modern operating systems is to for users to run programs and manage the file designed for use in embedded systems, allow multiple processes to run concurrently. To system. which are specialized computing achieve this, each CPU core alternates between Types of Operating Systems running each open process and OS code. systems that perform specific tasks. 1. Batch Operating Systems FreeRTOS is a popular embedded OS Batch operating systems were common Memory Management: used in small microcontroller-based in the early days of computing. In these It is the OS's responsibility to regulate the applications like home automation systems, jobs are collected, processed in devices and wearable technology. processes' use of memory to ensure that they do batches, and then executed without user not interfere with the memory used by other interaction. IBM OS/360 was a prominent processes and the OS itself. batch processing system used in mainframes.  CCINCOML System Calls The Story of Microsoft The Mobile Challenge Processes must be able to initiate requests to the 2003: Launch of Windows Mobile. OS through system calls, which provide Humble Beginnings 2007: Apple introduces the iPhone, disrupting functionality for tasks such as reading and 1968: Lakeside School, Seattle - Four teenagers, the mobile market. writing files or sending and receiving data over including Bill Gates and Paul Allen, develop an 2010: Microsoft's late entry into the smartphone the network. interest in computers. market with Windows Phone, which ultimately Memory Management (Swapping) Formation of the Lakeside Programmers Club failed. To free up valuable RAM, the OS may decide to after exploiting bugs to use computers for free. swap out pages of a process to storage (usually a Early ventures like Traf-O-Data. Recent Years and Cloud Computing hard drive). This allows the system to use more Satya Nadella becomes CEO in 2014. The Birth of Microsoft memory than the capacity of the RAM in the Focus on cloud computing with Azure. system. 1975: Gates and Allen develop a BASIC Microsoft’s resurgence as the most valuable interpreter for the Altair 8800. company in the world by 2019. Interprocess Communication (IPC) Microsoft (originally Microcomputer Software) is IPC refers to any mechanism that facilitates founded. communication between processes. This Windows Administration and Maintenance includes using files, pipes, networking sockets, MS-DOS and IBM Partnership Windows Administration Tools signals, and shared memory. Active Directory: Managing users, groups, and 1980: Microsoft partners with IBM to provide an operating system, leading to the creation of MS- permissions. File Systems DOS. Microsoft's strategy of licensing MS-DOS to The file system provides an abstraction that multiple computer companies. allows programmers to read and write data from any type of storage in the same way, regardless of The Rise of Windows whether it’s a hard drive, optical disk, flash drive, 1985: Introduction of Windows 1.0. or other. File paths in Windows and Unix have Development of Microsoft Office and other different conventions, but both are crucial in software like Word and Excel. managing directories and files within a system. 1995: Launch of Windows 95, a revolutionary operating system.  CCINCOML Group Policy: Enforcing security settings and PowerShell: Command-line tool for automating Disk Cleanup: Removing unnecessary files and configurations across the network. tasks. freeing up disk space. System Maintenance Windows Admin Center: A modern tool for Windows Updates: Regular updates for security Defragmentation: Optimizing hard drive managing servers, clusters, hyper-converged and performance improvements. performance. infrastructure, etc.  CCINCOML Backup and Restore: Ensuring data integrity and Network Administration availability. Configuring network interfaces and IP settings. Managing DHCP, DNS, and other network services. Implementing firewall rules and security settings. Monitoring network traffic and performance. Backup and Recovery User Management Types of backups: Full, incremental, and Creating and managing user accounts. differential. Configuring user roles and permissions. Setting up automated backup schedules. Implementing password policies and security Restoring data from backups. measures. Disaster recovery planning. Monitoring user activity and access logs. Security Administration Implementing Windows Defender and antivirus solutions. Understanding Application Software Configuring firewalls and network security. What is Application Software? Setting up encryption and secure access protocols (e.g., VPN). Definition: Software designed to help the user Monitoring and responding to security alerts. perform specific tasks. Distinction between System Software and Application Software. Importance of Application Software in daily computing.  CCINCOML Types of Application Software Productivity Software Multimedia Software 1. Productivity Software 1. Word Processors 1. Image Editing Functions: Document creation, data Example: Microsoft Word Example: Adobe Photoshop analysis, presentation making. Features: Text formatting, spell check, Features: Photo retouching, layer Examples: Microsoft Office Suite (Word, grammar tools. management, filters. Excel, PowerPoint) 2. Spreadsheets 2. Video Editing 2. Communication Software Example: Microsoft Excel Example: Adobe Premiere Pro Functions: Facilitate communication Features: Data organization, formulas, Features: Timeline editing, transitions, through text, video, and voice. pivot tables. effects. Examples: Email clients (Outlook), 3. Presentation Software 3. Media Players Messaging apps (Slack) Example: Microsoft PowerPoint Example: VLC Media Player Features: Slide creation, animations, Features: Play various media formats, 3. Multimedia Software transitions. subtitle support, streaming. Functions: Image, video, and audio editing and playback. Communication Software Educational Software Examples: Adobe Photoshop, VLC Media 1. Email Clients 1. Language Learning Player Example: Microsoft Outlook Example: Duolingo 4. Educational Software Features: Email management, calendar Features: Interactive lessons, progress Functions: Learning tools, tutorials, and integration, task management. tracking, gamification. quizzes. 2. Instant Messaging 2. Online Courses Examples: Duolingo, Khan Academy Example: Slack, Microsoft Teams Example: Coursera 5. Entertainment Software Features: Real-time messaging, file Features: Video lectures, quizzes, Functions: Provide entertainment sharing, collaboration tools. certifications. through media and interactive 3. Virtual Labs experiences. 3. Video Conferencing Example: PhET Interactive Simulations Examples: Video games, streaming Example: Zoom, Microsoft Teams Features: Science and math simulations, services (Netflix) Features: Video meetings, screen interactive experiments. sharing, virtual backgrounds.  CCINCOML Entertainment Software Cloud-Based Application Software 1. Video Games Examples: Example: Fortnite, Among Us Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides) Features: Interactive gameplay, Microsoft 365 (Word, Excel, PowerPoint Online) multiplayer modes, in-game purchases. 2. Streaming Services Features: Example: Netflix, Spotify Online collaboration, real-time editing, cloud Features: On-demand video and music storage. streaming, personalized recommendations. Trends in Application Software 1. AI Integration Enterprise Software Example: AI-powered chatbots, content Hardware 1. ERP Systems generation tools. Input Output I/O Example: SAP, Oracle 2. Cross-Platform Compatibility Keyboard Monitor Monitor Features: Integrates business processes, Example: Apps available on desktop, (Touch data management. web, and mobile. Screen) 2. CRM Systems 3. Subscription-Based Models Mouse Speaker Webcam Example: Salesforce Example: SaaS (Software as a Service) Speaker Printer Flash/USB Features: Customer relationship Drive subscriptions like Adobe Creative Cloud. management, sales tracking, analytics. Controller Headset Microphone Hardware and System Components Scanner Software Development Tools Hardware – tangible parts of the computer 1. IDEs Hardware will not function if it is not equivalent to the Example: Visual Studio Code, Eclipse software. Features: Code editing, debugging, project management. Storage 2. Version Control Systems External Internal Example: Git, GitHub Flash/USB Drive RAM Features: Code versioning, SSD/HDD collaboration, repository management. Floppy Disk  CCINCOML Plug and Play – ito ‘yung nilalagay sa USB then, may PROCESSING UNITS System: File Explorer, Task Manager, Trash Bin, Device nade-detect siya(?) Driver, The Command Prompt, BIOS, Calendar, Clock, i5 12th Gen and etc. 10 cores 3 slots of RAM is valid HDD SSD Rectangular No need maghanap 2 Types of Internal Memory: RAM and ROM ng space 32 bits (combination of 1 and 0s) Smaller and faster ▪ 64 | 32 |16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 ▪ They are converted into binary. Can you connect a computer to another computer? Yes, without internet. Ethernet is enough (LAN and UTP) Operating Systems Ang naka-install kay ROM (built in na sa computer; nasa OS na siya) ay ang Windows System. While si RAM naman ay ‘yung Microsoft, and etc. Defragmentation and Compression = OS HDD: Kumakain si ROM ng storage kaya minsan, it’s not always exactly 500GB or 512GB ang storage mo. UTP Cable: Unshielded-Twisted-Pair Cable  CCINCOML 2 Types of Algorithms: Non-Preemptive and Gantt Chart (Shortest-Job First) Gantt Chart (Round-Robin) Preemptive Jobs/Processes Time Lahat, mapagbibigyan Types of Non-Preemptive 𝐽1 5ms 𝐽2 15ms Jobs Time Quantum Time = 3 First-Come-First-Serve 𝐽3 7ms 1 630 Shortest-Job First ( Word Game) 2 10 7 4 1 0 Priority 3 30 Round-Robin 4 7410 5 20 Jobs/Processes Time 𝐽1 - Word 5ms (milliseconds) 𝐽2 - Game 15ms 𝐽3 - Browser 7ms Gantt Chart (Priority) Gantt Chart (First-Come-First-Serve) Jobs Time Priority 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒 𝑾𝑻 = 𝑱𝟏 = =𝟕 1 6 10 𝟐 2 10 6 3 3 5 4 7 20 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟕 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕 𝑱𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝟒 5 2 3 TOTAL TIME: 28 𝑱𝟑 = 𝟔 𝟗 + 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝟔 1. Waiting time of 𝐽3 20 𝑱𝟒 = 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟑 2. Average waiting time of 𝐽1 and 𝐽3 = (0+20)/2 = 10 3. Average waiting time of all jobs (0+5+20)/3 = 8.30 4. Average TAT (Term-Around Time) = (5+20+27)/3 = 𝑻𝑨𝑻 = 𝑱𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟎 17.33 𝟐 Type equation here. CCINCOML  CCINCOML MS Application Word Processing with Microsoft Word Document Navigation Pane and Status Bar Understanding Microsoft Office Interface Overview What is Microsoft Office? Ribbon and Tabs (Home, Insert, Design, etc.). A suite of productivity software developed by Microsoft. Widely used for personal, educational, and business purposes. Origins and Evolution Launched in 1989 with Word, Excel, and Quick Access Toolbar and Customization PowerPoint. Evolution over decades, with new features and applications. Introduction of Office 365 (now Microsoft 365) for Creating and Editing Documents cloud-based services. Starting a New Document Core Applications: Word: Word processing. Excel: Spreadsheet and data analysis. PowerPoint: Presentation software. Outlook: Email and calendar management. Access: Database management. Publisher: Desktop publishing. OneNote: Note-taking application.  CCINCOML Blank document vs. templates. Editing Text: Formatting Text and Paragraphs Typing, selecting, and deleting text. Text Formatting: Font style, size, and color. Bold, italic, underline, and strikethrough. Saving and naming a document Copy, cut, and paste functions.  CCINCOML Paragraph Formatting: Line spacing and paragraph spacing. Indention and bullets/numbering Alignment (left, center, right, justify). Working with Styles and Themes Using Styles: Applying built-in styles (Heading 1, Title, etc.).  CCINCOML Create and modifying custom styles. Inserting and Formatting Objects Inserting Tablets: Creating and formatting tables. Inserting Images and Shapes: Adding pictures from files or online sources. Themes Inserting and formatting shapes. Adjusting table properties (borders, shading, etc.). Applying themes for consistent document design. Modifying theme colors and fonts  CCINCOML Page Layout and Design Adding headers, footers, and page Different headers/footers for different numbers. sections. Page Setup: Changing margins, orientation, and paper size. Creating Spreadsheets with Microsoft Excel Getting Started with Excel Using Sections: Overview: Creating section breaks for varied Importance of spreadsheets in managing and formatting. analyzing data. Microsoft Excel as the leading spreadsheet software. Interface Overview: Excel Ribbon and Tabs (Home, Insert, Data, etc.).  CCINCOML Workbook, Worksheets, and Cells. Creating and Saving a Workbook Saving and Naming: Starting a New Workbook: Saving workbooks in different formats (XLSX, CSV, etc.). Blank workbook vs. using templates Status Bar and Quick Access Toolbar Navigating through sheets and adding new sheets. AutoSave and cloud storage options with OneDrive.  CCINCOML Entering and Editing Data Using the fill handle for quick data entry (copying, Applying borders, shading, and number formats series). (currency, percentage, etc.). Working with Cells: Entering text, numbers, and dates. Formatting Cells and Data Cell Formatting: Conditional Formatting: Adjusting font style, size, and color. Editing and clearing cell columns. Highlighting data based on conditions  CCINCOML Using built-in rules or creating custom rules. Performing basic calculations (sum, subtraction, IF, VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP: Conditional logic and multiplication, division). lookup functions. Data Organization and Management Using Formulas and Functions Common Functions: Sorting and Filtering Data: Basic Formulas: SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT: Essential Sorting data by values, color, or custom order. statistical functions. Understanding cell references (relative, absolute).  CCINCOML Filtering data to display specific information. Advanced Chart Options: Creating combo charts. Tables: Creaing and formatting tables. Using table features like sorting, filtering, and Customizing chart elements (titles, legends, Using sparklines for in-cell charts. structured references. data labels). Creating Charts and Graphs Visualizing Data: Inserting different chart types (bar, line, pie, etc.).  CCINCOML Managing Databases with Access Creating a New Database Using Templates: Getting Started with Microsoft Access Starting from Scratch: Accessing and customizing built-in database templates. Access Interface Overview: Creating a new blank database. Ribbon, Navigation Pane, and Database Window. Quick Access Toolbar and Status Bar. Setting up the first table and defining fields Importing data from Excel or other sources.  CCINCOML Designing Tables Table Relationships: Using forms for user-friendly data entry. Table Structure: Setting up relationships between tables. Defining fields, data types, and field properties. Editing Data: Entering and Editing Data Primary keys and their importance. Modifying records and managing duplicates. Data Entry: Entering data directly into tables.  CCINCOML Sorting and filtering data within tables. Form Design: Customizing form layout and design. Adding controls (text boxes, combo boxes, Creating and Customizing Forms buttons). Using Forms: Purpose of forms in data entry and display. Creating a form using Form Wizard  CCINCOML Connectivity and Communication WAN (Wide Area Network): PAN (Personal Area Network): Networking and Internet Basics Covers larger geographic areas (e.g., cities, Very small range, typically for personal devices. countries). Introduction to Networking Slower data transfer, uses public and private What is Networking? connections. Definition: Connecting multiple computers or devices to share resources, data, and communication. Importance of networking in modern society. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Network Topologies Intermediate size, typically within a city. Bus Topology: Single central cable (backbone) connects all devices. Types of Networks LAN (Local Area Network): Small geographic area (e.g., home, office). High data transfer rates, limited coverage.  CCINCOML Star Topology: Mesh Topology: HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): All devices connect to a central hub. Every device is connected to every other device. Used for accessing web pages. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between devices. Network Protocols Ring Topology: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Devices are connected in a circular manner. Basis for the internet, ensuring reliable DNS (Domain Name System): communication. Translates domain names into IP addresses.  CCINCOML Networking Devices Modem: The Internet Router: Converts digital data to analog signals for Early Concepts (1900s) transmission and vice versa. Connects multiple networks, directs traffic Nikola Tesla's Vision: between them. World Wireless System: Tesla's idea to connect the world wirelessly. Though visionary, it took decades for this concept to be realized. Firewall: Security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. Switch: Connects devices within a single network, manages data flow. The 1960s - Birth of Modern Internet Concepts J.C.R. Licklider and the Intergalactic Network: Popularized the idea of an interconnected network of computers.  CCINCOML Packet Switching: Creation of ARPANET: Key Developments in the 1970s A method to efficiently transmit data by breaking Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to TCP Development: it into smaller packets. ensure communication could continue even Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf: Developed the after a nuclear attack. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), establishing a reliable communication model. ARPANET and the Cold War First Connection (1969): Cold War Influence: Stanford and UCLA computers connected, First Email (1979): The launch of Sputnik in 1957 by the Soviet Union though the first message attempt failed. Ray Tomlinson: Sent the first email and prompted the U.S. to develop secure introduced the "@" symbol for email addresses. communication methods.  CCINCOML The 1980s - Official Birth of the Internet The Growth of the Web (1990s) Web Growth: ARPANET Adopts TCP (1983): Mosaic Browser (1993): From 10 websites in 1992 to over 100,000 by 1996. Marking the official "birthday" of the internet. The first browser with a visual interface, making the web more user-friendly. Domain Name System (DNS): Simplified navigation by using domain names instead of numeric IP addresses. The World Wide Web (1989-1991) Tim Berners-Lee: Invented the World Wide Web in 1989. Netscape Navigator (1994): How the Internet Works First Website: Launched on August 6, 1991, with the URL Became a major competitor and further IP Addresses: info.cern.ch. popularized web browsing. Unique numerical labels assigned to each device Impact of the Web: on a network. Revolutionized access to information, making it more accessible to the general public.  CCINCOML Domain Names: Online Communication Instant Messaging (IM): Human-readable addresses (e.g., Introduction to Online Communication Real-time text-based communication (e.g., www.example.com). WhatsApp, Messenger). Definition: Communication that takes place over the internet through various platforms and tools. Importance: Key in personal, educational, and professional settings. Facilitates global connectivity and collaboration. Web Browsers: Video Conferencing: Software for accessing information on the World Live video communication over the internet (e.g., Wide Web (e.g., Chrome, Firefox). Types of Online Communication Zoom, Skype). Email: Asynchronous communication method for sending written messages and files. Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Companies that provide access to the internet  CCINCOML Social Media: Web Basics HTTP/HTTPS: Platforms for sharing content and interacting How the Web Works Protocols used for transmitting web pages. (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn). HTTPS adds a layer of security. Forums and Discussion Boards: Online communities for discussions on various Web Browser: topics. Software that allows users to access and interact with web content (e.g., Chrome, Firefox). Web Addresses and URLs Web Server: What is a URL? A computer that stores web content and serves it Uniform Resource Locator, the address used to to users upon request. access resources on the web. Structure of a URL: Example: https://www.example.com/page Blogs and Vlogs: https:// – Protocol Online journals (written or video) for sharing opinions, experiences, or information. www.example.com – Domain Name /page – Path to a specific resource.  CCINCOML Basic Structure: HTML documents are composed of elements like , , , ,. HTML – The Language of the Web What is HTML? HyperText Markup Language, the standard language for creating web pages. CSS – Styling the Web What is CSS? Cascading Style Sheets, used for controlling the layout and appearance of web pages. JavaScript – Adding Interactivity Basic Syntax: What is JavaScript? CSS rules are written in the form of selector { A programming language that allows you to property: value; }. create dynamic and interactive web content. Common Uses: Form validation, interactive maps, games, animations.  CCINCOML Domain Names: Content Management Systems (CMS) The unique name that identifies a website on the What is a CMS? internet (e.g., www.example.com). A software application that allows users to create, manage, and modify content on a website without needing specialized technical knowledge. Popular CMS Platforms: WordPress, Joomla, Drupal. Advantages: How to Register a Domain: User-friendly, customizable templates, and plugins for added functionality. Choose a domain name, check its availability, and register it through a domain registrar. Web Hosting and Domain Names Web Hosting: A service that allows you to store your website files on the internet.  CCINCOML Programming Languages Assembly Language - 1949 The 1960s - The Rise of Structured Programming History Development of low-level assembly language, used even COBOL (1959) today in flight simulators and creating computer viruses. Why Programming Languages is Important? Developed by Dr. Grace Hopper, widely used in businesses. By 1997, 80% of US businesses ran on A programming language is a formal set of instructions COBOL. that a computer can understand and execute. It acts as a bridge between human language and binary code. Early Programming Languages (1940s-1950s) Machine Code Machine code is the lowest-level programming language, consisting of binary code that the computer's central processing unit (CPU) can directly execute. It is ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) fundamental to the operation of all software, serving as FORTRAN (1957) the direct interface between the software and the the first official programming language, developed by ALGOL, short for Algorithmic Language, is a family of hardware. John Backus and IBM. Used in NASA probes Voyager 1 imperative computer programming languages originally and 2. developed developed in the late 1950s by a committee of European and American computer scientists.  CCINCOML BASIC (1964) The 1980s - Object-Oriented Programming BASIC, an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Smalltalk (1980) Instruction Code, was developed in 1964 by John G. Smalltalk is an object-oriented programming language Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College. that was created in the early 1970s at Xerox PARC (Palo Purpose: To enable students to write programs easily Alto Research Center) by a team led by Alan Kay and to democratize computing education. C (1972) Created by Dennis Ritchie. Used for operating systems, embedded systems, and web development. Considered the mother of all high-level languages. The 1970s - Systems and Structured Programming Pascal (1970) C++ (1985) Pascal is a high-level programming language developed an object-oriented extension of C. C++ remains the by Niklaus Wirth in 1970. It was designed primarily for fastest high-level programming language. The internet teaching programming and to encourage good was also born in 1983, with January 1st considered its programming practices. The language is named after the birthday. French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal.  CCINCOML The 1990s - The Internet and Scripting Languages JavaScript (1995) The 2000s - Modern Languages and Frameworks Python (1991) JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, and interpreted C# (2000) programming language that was created by Brendan Eich a popular and easy-to-understand language with C# (pronounced "C-sharp") is a modern, object-oriented in 1995 while he was working at Netscape applications in web development, machine learning, and programming language developed by Microsoft and was Communications Corporation. IoT. first released in 2000 as part of its.NET initiative. The It was initially developed in just 10 days and was language was designed by Anders Hejlsberg, who also originally called Mocha, then renamed to LiveScript, and contributed to the development of Turbo Pascal and finally to JavaScript. Despite its name, JavaScript is not Delphi. related to Java; the name was chosen as part of a C# is strongly influenced by C, C++, and Java, combining marketing strategy by Netscape. elements of these languages to create a powerful, type- safe, and component-oriented language suitable for a wide range of applications. Java (1995) Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented PHP (1995) programming language that was designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It was PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open- developed by James Gosling and his team at Sun source server-side scripting language that is particularly Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle) suited for web development. It was created by Rasmus and was first released in 1995 Lerdorf in 1994. PHP has since evolved into a full-fledged programming language with a rich ecosystem of frameworks and tools.  CCINCOML Ruby (1995) and Ruby on Rails (2005) Kotlin (2011) Types Ruby on Rails, often referred to simply as Rails, is a Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that Types of Programming Languages server-side web application framework written in Ruby. It runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and can also be Programming languages are divided into two main types: was created by David Heinemeier Hansson and released compiled to JavaScript or native code. It was developed Low-Level and High-Level languages. in 2005. by JetBrains, the company known for creating the IntelliJ Low-Level Languages IDEA integrated development environment (IDE). Machine Language: The language directly Rails is designed to make web application development understood by the CPU, consisting of binary faster, easier, and more enjoyable by emphasizing code (zeros and ones). It is tedious, error-prone, convention over configuration, the DRY (Don't Repeat and not portable as it is specific to a particular Yourself) principle, and the use of the Model-View- machine. Controller (MVC) architectural pattern Assembly Language: Simplifies machine language by using mnemonic codes instead of binary. It's still specific to a particular computer architecture and sometimes to an operating system (e.g., MIPS, x86). Current Trends and Future Directions High-Level Languages Rise of Functional Programming These languages are more user-friendly and The 2010s - Modern Trends closer to human language, making them easier to ✓ Languages like Haskell, Scala, and Elixir ✓ Key feature: Immutable data, first-class use. Swift (2014) functions A powerful language for iOS and macOS applications, Subtypes: Languages for Data Science and Machine including cross-platform mobile app development.