Immunology Crash Course PDF

 CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Crystal Violet stain Safranin stain Purple or viole...

 CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Crystal Violet stain Safranin stain Purple or violet Pink  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive 60-90% Gram-negative 10-20%  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive 60-90% Staphylococcus aureus Gram-negative 10-20% Escherichia coli  CRASH COURSE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AMAZING DRAWING IMMUNOLOGY  IMMUNOLOGY Study of the aspects of the immune system or immunity of living organisms → Set of defenses to protect against infection → Set of created defenses 1. Parasites 2. Bacteria 3. Virus 4. Pathogens  IMMUNOLOGY Main concerns of the course Components of Immune system Mechanism of action of Immune system Defense against foreign substances Malfunction of Immune system  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNITY The ability of the organism to resist or defend against foreign substances Substances or materials from the external environment Not naturally produced within the body Food Drugs Virus Chemicals Pollen Microorganisms Animal hairs  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM Complex network of cells, tissues, and organs in the body that works together Parts of the body that defends against invaders (foreign substances) PRIMARY FUNCTIONS 1. Recognition → foreign vs self 2. Elimination → destroys foreign MAINTAINS HEALTHY STATE OF OUR BODY  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM SIGNIFICANCE BENEFICIAL DETRIMENTAL Inflammation (discomfort) Protection from invaders Autoimmunity Elimination of abnormal self/altered self Problems with transplantation, grafts, etc.  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNITY AND INFECTION Immunocompetence → Balanced immunity and infection Immunodeficient → Infection is greater than immunity Hypo-responsiveness → Leads to greater infection (leads to diseases) Hyper-responsiveness → Allergic reaction → loss of self recognition (leads to autoimmune diseases)  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO MAIN LINES OF IMMUNE DEFENSES INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Native set of defenses Created set of defenses  IMMUNOLOGY INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Native Acquired Antigen independent (non specific) Antigen dependent (specific) Immediate maximal rapid response Lag-time (Slow response) No immunologic memory Creates immunologic memory Skin, gut villi, lung cilia, etc. Cutaneous and mucosal immune system (antibodies in mucosal secretions) Macrophage-derived cytokines Lymphocytes-derived cytokines (interferon ɣ and α, TNF) (interferon ɣ) Phagocytes, NK cells T and B lymphocytes Eosinophils, K cells COURSE OF DISCUSSIONS  INNATE IMMUNITY ‘Natural’ immunity First line of defense → React immediately → Mobilized immediately to the site of infection Present at birth (natural and native) NON-SPECIFIC Virtually used against every possible invader Papillomaviruses and Dermatophytes  INNATE IMMUNITY ‘Natural’ immunity Papillomaviruses and Dermatophytes Athlete’s foot Onychomycosis  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1. Physical Barriers 2. Cellular components 3. Natural Killer cells (NK Cells) 4. Complement system (complement factors)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN, GASTROINTESTINAL, and RESPIRATORY TRACTS Acts as mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment Defensins α-defensins (gastrointestinal) β-defensins (respiratory tract)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN, GASTROINTESTINAL, and RESPIRATORY TRACTS Acts as mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment Submucosal and Mucosal substances Lysozymes- (cleaves the polysaccharide backbone of the peptidoglycan of gram + bacteria) Lactoferrin- (binds to bacterial membrane which cause ion deprivation)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN, GASTROINTESTINAL, and RESPIRATORY TRACTS Acts as mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment Submucosal and Mucosal substances Proteolytic enzymes- (proteases) Acidic pH- (binds to bacterial membrane which cause ion deprivation)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS These are receptors that act as sensors for immune cells 1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2. Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-Like Receptors (NLRs) 3. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I)-Like Receptors (RLRs) Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) RECOGNIZES Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPS)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS 1 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Transmembrane proteins Frontline sensors of PAMPS and DAMPS  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS Amazing drawing 1 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Transmembrane proteins Types of PAMPS Proteins Carbohydrates Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) Flagella or flagellin Peptidoglycan  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS 1 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Transmembrane proteins Types of TLRs TLR4 – Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) TLR1, TLR2, TLR6 – Peptidoglycann, Lipoteichoic acid, Lipoproteins, Zymosan TLR5 – Bacterial flagellin TLR3, TLR7, TLR9 – Nucleic acids  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS 1 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Transmembrane proteins Signal reception and signal transduction Critical in initiating immune responses → Inflammatory responses  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS 2 NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Cytoplasmic receptors Serves as the intracellular sensors→ inside the Cytoplasm of the cell Activates Nuclear Factor Kappa-light chain–enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (NF-κB) A transcription factor → controls production of proteins → cytokine production → drive inflammatory responses  INNATE IMMUNITY NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Signaling pathway Ultimate goal → production of (NF-κB) Nuclear Factor Kappa-light chain– enhancer of activated B cells Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines Enhances inflammation  INNATE IMMUNITY NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Signaling pathway 1 NLR activation PAMPS binds to LRRs NOD1 detects iE-DAP NOD2 detects muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 2 NLR-LRR oligomerization NOD1 – NOD2 complex  INNATE IMMUNITY NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Signaling pathway 3 Recruitment of Adaptor proteins Oligomerized NLR-LRR recruit Adaptor proteins RIP2 4 IKK Complex RIP2 → Acts as intermediary *invites NEMO IKK COMPLEX IKKα , IKKβ, and IKKγ (NEMO)  INNATE IMMUNITY NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Signaling pathway 5 IKK complex vs IκB complex IKK phosphorylates IκB → IκB is degraded and releases P50 and P60 NF-κB = P50 and P65 6 Nuclear entry NF-κB (P50 and P65) enters the nucleus and binds to the gene They act as transcription factor  INNATE IMMUNITY NOD-like receptors (NLRs) Signaling pathway 7 Protein synthesis NF-κB will target the gene for production of cytokines CENTRAL DOGMA 8 Cytokines produced  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity MICROBIAL SENSORS 3 Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I)-Like Receptors (RLRs) Detects viruses