Acids and Bases Notes PDF

# Acids and Bases ## General * **Base** - blue * **Alkaline** - red * **Neutralization** - pH range scale: more basic * scale from 0 to 14 with 7 in the center. * 0-6 is more acidic, 8-14 more basic, 7 is neutral. * **Taste** * **Base** - bitter * **Salt** - salty * **Acid** - sour...

# Acids and Bases ## General * **Base** - blue * **Alkaline** - red * **Neutralization** - pH range scale: more basic * scale from 0 to 14 with 7 in the center. * 0-6 is more acidic, 8-14 more basic, 7 is neutral. * **Taste** * **Base** - bitter * **Salt** - salty * **Acid** - sour ## Acids * It came from the Latin word "Acere" which means sour. * Substances that generally have a sour taste and undergo reactions with certain metals, such as Mg, Zn and Sn. * Liberating hydrogen gas in the process. * Can be found in fruit or vegetables. * Example: * Fruits: grapes, orange, mandarin and lemon (citric acid), * Vegetables: apple, guava, orange and raspberries (ascorbic acid), * Others: vinegar bottle (dilute acetic acid) and ant on a bee ## Bases * Substances whose aqueous solutions have a bitter taste and slippery feel are called bases. * The word "Alkali" is derived from the arabic word "algaliy" meaning ashes, referring to the original source of Alkaline substances. * Calcium Hydroxide * Lime (found in fruit) + Citric Acid * Dilute the solution (add water or other solvents) * Example reaction: * C₆H₈O₇ + H₂O -> Ca + H * Bases: * Baking soda * Calcium carbonate / chalk ## Neutralization * An acid and a base combine. * The acid to give salt and water. * The reaction of acid and bases is also known as neutralization reaction. * Example reaction: * NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) -> NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) * Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid -> Sodium chloride + water ## Robert Boyle * An Angelo-Irish chemist, born on January 25, 1627, in Lismore castle, county Waterford, Ireland, and died in London December 31, 1691. ## Matter * Matter - boulozzib (solid) erind - stulo2 (liquid) * werutpor troen (gas) prirlozzib - trovlod (pure) * Pure Substance - noitorutina (mixture) 75, sørge (element) * Element - pateruto (compound) 21 * Compounds - batorbłoznu (heterogeneous) * to pol (uniform) * star (solid) * saladrogua (colloid) motion 20H (suspension) * flam (gas) trod (liquid) * H₂SO₄ (compound) * 4H + 4O + 4S (elements) * Particles - have to be resuspended * Example: chocolate milk, orange juice, stuloza, Honas nove * trod ## 2. Quarten * How do the motion of particles differ in each state of matter. * The particle in solids vibrate about fixed position, individual particles in liquids and gasses move chaotically. * Have no fixed position and move chaotically. * What happens to the motions of particles as heat is added / removed? * Added thermal energy causes a substance particle to move faster and farther apart. * But if I didn't add thermal energy it will not cause a substance particle to move slower. * What is the effect of changes in temperature in spaces between particles? ## Matter * Changes in matter * Physical Change * No formation of a new substance * Chemical Change * Formation of a new substance * Melting * Solid -> Liquid * Evaporation * Liquid -> Gas * Sublimation - Solid -> Gas ## Mass percentage * **Mass %** = (mass of solute x 100) / (mass of solute + mass of solvent) * For example, 75g of Nickel +12g Iron + 11g Cr + 29g Manganese = 100g total. * 75g of Nickel / 100g = 75% of Nickel nickel. ## Problem: * 1.15g of NaCl was dissolved in 225g of water what is the mass percent of NaCl in the solution? * **Given:** * Solute = 1.15g * Solvent = 225g * **Expected Answer:** * 6.25% * **Solution:** * (1.15g / 225g) x100 = 6.25% ## Solution * **Solute**: being dissolved - ginatunaw * **Solvent**: dissolving agent - nagtunaw * **Universal Solvent**: * **Degree of Saturation** * **Unsaturated** * 3g of sugar + 10 mL of water * Solvent + solute * Melt - * **Saturated** * 10g of sugar + 10 mL of water * Solvent + solute * Don't melt * **Supersaturated** * Solvent * No solute * Don't even melt ## Reat * **Release of heat** * Freezing * Liquid to solid - ice. * Condensation * Gas to liquid * Cloud - mini water droplets * **Deposition** * Gas to solid * Frost * volcano * Solar System * Atomic Model * DNA * Scientific Models * I. Multiplication * II. Identification * III. Definition of terms * IV. Concept mapping * Three state of matter * Arrangement * Sporcinjoitusi - vient situat - ## Pure Subtances * Pure Subtances exhibit: * Axacts properties * Bide (pure) bipilto (art) * 21019076 - rotow - irii - buelb - bilog of * 2002 * Pure Subtances exhibit: * Exacts properties and composition * Elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atoms. * Fe - iron * The element cannot be broken down. * Compounds are substances that are formd by the chemical combination of two or more types of atom * Colloids contains particles that do not settle. Example - milky cloud, fog * Suspension contains larger particle. That eventually settle out