Apartheid Laws PDF

## Apartheid Laws ### Prohibition of Mixed Marriages and the Immorality Act 176 - This law forbade the marriage between black and white people and made it illegal for white and black people to have sexual relations with each other. - Cause: to stop the marriages of people of different skin color....

## Apartheid Laws ### Prohibition of Mixed Marriages and the Immorality Act 176 - This law forbade the marriage between black and white people and made it illegal for white and black people to have sexual relations with each other. - Cause: to stop the marriages of people of different skin color. - Started in 1949 - Why did it start? to maintain racial purity. ### Population Registration Act - This law classified all South Africans into Europeans (whites), colored Indians and Africans. - Started 1950 - Purpose: discrimination. - Explanation: it defined who could live where and what rights they had based on their color of the skin. ### Areas Act - Started 1950 - Purpose: to establish different residential areas of different racial groups. ### Seperate Amenities Act - Started 1949 - 1953 - Purpose: established to separate or inferior standard of living to black people. - Explanation: this allowed for separate and unequal facilities for different races. ### Bantu Education Act - Started 1953 - Purpose: established a separate and inferior education system for black South Africans. ## ANC Youth Program of Action (pg 187) - In 1912 the leaders met in Bloemfontein and formed the African National Congress - In 1944, the ANC Youth League was formed. The youth counted to involve the masses in more militant action to put greater pressure on the apartheid state. - In 1949 the Hon ANCYL put forward a programme of action calling for strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience which was accepted by ANC. - It wanted to organize a civil disobedience campaign. ## Important Figures - Walter Sisulu - Nelson Mandela - Oliver Tambo - Albert Luthuli ## Thanks Dr AB Xuma - Sodo in the 1940s. ANC membership increased five times to about 2000. ## Sophiatown forced removals (pg 178 - 180) - Sophiatown was destroyed under apartheid. The forced removal from Sophiatown was part of the governments' apartheid plan to turn the residential and business areas of the city and towns locations so they forcefully made black people live in the locations. - 9 February 1955, 2000 heavily armed police men arrived in Sophiatown. They forcefully moved black people -> Meadowlands, Soweto - Colored people -> Eldorado park, South JHB - Indian -> Lenasia - Chinese -> Central 58 ## People of mokgopa to Bophuthatswana (pg 182-184) - 13% of South Afric was reserved for 67% of its people to own. The native reserves were all in rural areas. The government plan was total removal of its people from South Africa. - In the 1960's government decided to take away South African citizenship from black people they decided the native reserves should become independent states. They labelled this separate development. - African people were divided by the language they spoke. - Banksta native reserves. During apartheid 3 and half million black people were removed. They were living on land that government declared for white people only. ## Steve Biko and The Black Consciousness (pg 212) - Steve Biko was born in 1946 in Eastern Cape. He was expelled from school because of his political activities but he finished his schooling in another. The black conscious emphasized liberation and self awareness among black people. - Steve Biko advocated for black people, culture and history. - Co founded The South African Student Organisation - Engaged in community development and educational initiatives. ## Soweto Uprising (pg 212) - In 1963 many of the leaders of the ANC were arrested while they were at their headquarters in Rivonia Johannesburg. They were put on trial for treason, found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. Since the main leaders were in prison. ANC grew weaker in the 1960s and 1970s. ## The unbanning of political parties and the release of Nelson Mandela (pg 220) - 11 February 1990 - Nelson Mandela was released. ## The ongoing violence (pg 230) - Not all white people wanted black people to participate in the 1994 elections. ## Unit 3: 1990 - Release of Nelson Mandela and the unbanning of liberation movements ### Word Bank - **Repealed:** taken back - **Tricameral parliament:** A form of government that had three parts for three different race groups. - **Unbanned:** made legal again The Soweto uprising changed the direction of South Africa's history. But it was not until the 1990s that South Africa became democratic. ## Events leading to the 1994 election This timeline summarizes the events from 1976 to the first democratic election. We will look at these events in more detail in the next sections. - **1976:** The Soweto uprising - **1978:** PW Botha becomes president of South Africa. - **1980s:** Resistance to apartheid grows - The government represses the resistance movement. - Unions for black workers are formed. - Unions and students fight against apartheid by holding mass marches, strikes and rallies. - **1983:** The tricameral parliament is introduced. - **1987:** Some apartheid laws are repealed. - **1989:** FW de Klerk becomes president of South Africa. - **1990:** Nelson Mandela is released from jail - The end of the cold war. - The ANC, PAC and SACP are unbanned. - Negotiations start. - Violence spreads, especially in KwaZulu-Natal - **1993:** Mandela and de Klerk win the Nobel Peace Prize. - **1994:** Democratic elections are held. Mandela becomes president. - **1996:** The new Constitution is signed. ## First Democratic election, 1994 The date 27 April 1994 was chosen as the day for South Africa's first democratic election. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) was set up to make sure that the elections were free and fair. On 27 April 1994, 20 million South Africans voted, most of them for the first time in their lives. Many people had to stand for hours in queues but there was no violence in the actual elections. ### Results of the election - The ANC won 62% of all the votes. - The NP won 20% - The IFP won 10% of the votes. - Various other parties won the rest of the votes. Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa, with FW de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki (of the ANC) as deputy presidents. ## The new constitution The government immediately started writing a final constitution. In 1996, the new Constitution was signed and became the highest law of South Africa. It was based on ideas given in the Freedom Charter of 1955. It specifically forbids anyone from discriminating against people on the basis of race, gender, ethnic group, sexual orientation, religion or any other reasons. ### Violence Not all South Africans wanted to take part in the negotiations.. Between 1990 and the elections of 1994, there were many violet clashes in South Africa. - **Some right-wing Afrikaner groups did not want to allow black people to have power in a democratic South Africa. They tried to disrupt the negotiation process by using violence.** - In April 1993, right-wingers assassinated Chris Hani, who was the leader of the SACP. Hani was very popular and his death almost stopped the negotiations. Mandela asked people to stay calm and to carry on with the process. - In June 1993, other right-wingers attacked the venue where the negotiations were happening. - **There were also violent clashes between ANC members and people who supported the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), a political party based in KwaZulu-Natal. The fighting was mainly in KwaZulu-Natal, but it spread to the townships around Johannesburg too. Over 10,000 people died in this fighting. Many people believed that the government was behind the violence, and that it wanted to stop the negotiations or to hurt the ANC.** - But Mandela did not allow the violence to stop the negotiations. He and the other people involved in the process agreed that it would carry on. Some of the groups said that they would not take part in the elections, but when the election happened, many of them did take part.