Introduction to Microbiology & Parasitology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY Fatimae I. Mariano, MSPharm. Course Outline Course Policies  Topic 1: Introduction to Microbiology Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: ∙ Define Microbiology; ∙ Explain the importance...

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY Fatimae I. Mariano, MSPharm. Course Outline Course Policies  Topic 1: Introduction to Microbiology Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: ∙ Define Microbiology; ∙ Explain the importance of Microbiology in Pharmacy practice; ∙ Discuss how to name different microorganisms; ∙ Discuss the key events and contribution of important historical personalities in microbiology with the development of current medical practice and application Bartolome and Quiles Microbiology and Parasitology Chapter 1 What is Microbiology? From the Greek words “mikros”, “bios”, and “logia” or “logos” The study of organisms that are so small they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Microorganisms or microbes are categorized into  Divisions of Microbiology: Bacteriology – the study of bacteria Virology – the study of viruses Mycology – the study of fungi Parasitology- the study of protozoa and parasitic worms Phycology – the study of algae Immunology – the study of the immune system and the immune response What do you think is the importance of Microbiology in the Pharmacy?  Why Study Microbiology? About a thousand or more species of microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as normal flora (or indigenous flora) which only produce disease in persons with compromised immune systems.  Why Study Microbiology? Some microorganisms are essential in biotechnology and industries (food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, mining, genetics, and many more.  Why Study Microbiology? Some microorganisms, especially BACTERIA and FUNGI, are sources of antimicrobial agents. Some microorganisms act as saprophytes or decomposers.  Why Study Microbiology? Better understanding of how microorganisms produce disease, paving the way to better disease management and control (discovery of vaccines).  Why Study Microbiology? Better understanding of the negative instances in which science can be used (re-emerging diseases, potential of microorganisms as biological warfare agents, and resistance to antibiotics).  NOMENCLATURE Established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735 Latin wasthe language traditionally used by scholars. Microorganisms are normally known by two names: 1. Genus (plural = genera) 2. Specific epithet (species name) Both are underlined OR italicized Scientific names can , among other things, 1. Describe an organism 2. Honor a researcher 3. Identify the habitat of the species 4. Identify its use REVIEW: A. Cellular A. Virology B. Acellular B. Bacteriology C. Phycology D. Mycology E. Immunology  Topic 1: History of Microbiology Robert Hooke An Englishman Father of Cytology Discovered the cell and described it as “little boxes” The Cell Theory – all living things are composed of cells. Hooke’s 1665 book, Micrographia, contained descriptions of plant cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek Dutch merchant and an amateur scientist Created the single lens microscope The first to actually observe live microorganisms which he called animalcules Father of Microscopy – Simple Microscope Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur Disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis) Pasteur proved that only preexisting microbes could give rise to other microbes (biogenesis) Developed the process of Pasteurization and Fermentation Ferdinand Julius Cohn German biologist Classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape (sphericals, short rods, threads, and spirals). Gave some of the first insights into the incredible complexity and diversity of microbial life. Robert Koch German physician Father of Microbiological Techniques Defined the procedure (Koch’s postulates) for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Discovered: – M. tuberculosis – V. cholerae – B. anthracis REVIEW: A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek B. Louis Pasteur C. Robert Hooke D. Robert Koch E. Ferdinand Julius Cohn Edward Jenner Father of Immunology Discovered the first vaccine (from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow) for smallpox. Cowpox Smallpox Joseph Lister Father of Antiseptic Surgery Joseph Lister found a way to prevent infection in wounds during and after surgery. He introduced weak carbolic hand washes for surgical staff and carbolic acid baths for the instruments Lister's Antisepsis System is the basis of modern infection control. Paul Ehrlich Father of Chemotherapy Discovered Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis (disease that was then endemic, incurable, and often deadly) Chemotherapy – treatment of disease by using chemical substances  Salvarsan is also known as the “magic bullet” Salvarsan became the most widely prescribed drug in the world, first blockbuster drug and remained the most effective drug for syphilis until penicillin became available Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin from Penicillium notatum Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever. Hospitals were full of people with blood poisoning contracted from a cut or a scratch Introduction of penicillin in the 1940s, which began the era of antibiotics.  Penicillin Discovery to Development Discovered on September 3, 1928 but was introduced as treatment by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain Ignaz Semmelweis Hungarian physician Father of Infection Control First person to discover and propose the medical benefits of handwashing March 20, 2020 REVIEW: A. Joseph Lister B. Paul Ehrlich C. Ignaz Semmelweis D. Alexander Fleming E. Edward Jenner Thank you for listening. ☺  acellular eukaryotes prokaryotes types overview about Fatimae I. Mariano, RPh. The Microbial World  At the end of this topic, you must be able to: Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells; and prokaryotes eukaryotes overview acellular Characterize the different types of about types microorganisms  prokaryotes eukaryotes overview acellular All organisms are composed of cells, the basic fundamental about types unit of life. The cells of microorganisms are categorized into two – prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled, such as fungi, parasites, and algae. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes include two groups: bacteria and another group called archaea. Viruses are acellular. They are neither prokaryotic nor  prokaryotes Types of Microorganisms eukaryotes overview acellular about types Eubacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Helminths Virus Prions  Eubacteria ∙ The bacteria of interest in medicine ∙ Cell walls that are largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan. ∙ Generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells called binary fission ∙ Many bacteria can “swim” by using moving eukaryotes prokaryotes overview acellular appendages called flagella about types Archaea ∙ Have no medical importance ∙ Often found in extreme environments, divided into three main groups: o methanogens produce methane as a waste product from respiration. o extreme halophiles live in extremely salty environments o extreme thermophiles) live in hot sulfurous water ∙ Not known to cause disease in humans  Fungi ∙ May be unicellular or multicellular ∙ Large multicellular fungi such as mushroom, may somewhat look like plants, but they cannot carry out photosynthesis. ∙ True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called chitin. ∙ prokaryotes Human fungal diseases (mycoses) are classified by eukaryotes overview acellular the location on or in the body where the infection about types occurs. ∙ Divided into two: Molds and Yeasts Protozoa ∙ Unicellular eukaryotic microbes ∙ Move by using extensions of their cytoplasm called pseudopods (false feet). ∙ Other protozoa have long flagella or numerous shorter appendages for locomotion called cilia. ∙ Have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites that absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment. ∙ Can reproduce asexually or sexually.  Algae ∙ Photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms ∙ The cell walls of many algae, are composed of a carbohydrate called cellulose. ∙ Algae are abundant in freshwater and salt water, in prokaryotes soil, and in association with plants. eukaryotes overview acellular ∙ Do not produce significant disease in humans but are about types beneficial as sources of food, iodine, and other minerals. Helminths ∙ Groups of worms that live as parasites ∙ Eukaryotic organisms with complex body organization ∙ They are parasitic in the sense that they receive nutrients by ingesting or absorbing digestive contents or ingesting or absorbing body fluids or tissues. ∙ They are divided into three main groups: o Tapeworms (cestodes) o Flukes (trematodes) o Roundworms (nematodes) Virus ∙ Acellular, obligate intracellular parasites that is structurally very simple ∙ Can reproduce only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms ∙ A virus particle contains: o A core made up of only one type of nucleic acid, EITHER DNA or RNA. prokaryotes o The core is surrounded by a protein coat. eukaryotes overview acellular o Sometimes, the coat is encased by an additional about types layer, a lipid membrane called an envelope. Prions ∙ An infectious particle ∙ A type of protein found in the brain that is responsible for a variety of extremely fatal neurodegenerative diseases of animals but can be transmitted to humans known as transmissible spongiform encephalitis (TSE) ∙ To date, its cause or how it happens is still unknown. ∙ Examples include Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, Scrapie in sheep and goats and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans.  The Microbial World Eubacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Helminths Virus Prions  Cellular Structures and Functions prokaryotes eukaryotes overview acellular about types Fatimae I. Mariano, MSPharm.  At the end of this topic, you must be able to: Distinguish among the general shapes of bacteria, citing examples of prokaryotes eukaryotes overview acellular about types each; and Discuss the different parts of a bacterial cell and its functions  Bacterial Cell Structures Cell Wall Structures External to the Cell Wall Glycolalyx Flagella overview Axial Filaments cell wall external internal shape about Pili/Fimbriae Structures Internal to the Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleoid Ribosome Plasmid Inclusions Endospores internal cell wall external Bacterial Shape shape overview about  Glycocalyx Aka Sugar Coat The bacterial glycocalyx is a viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both. If glycocalyx is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall, it is described as a capsule; if overview cell wall external internal shape it is loosely attached, it is described as a slime about layer. Flagella ∙ Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria. o Atrichous - Bacteria that lack flagella o Peritrichous- distributed over the entire cell; o Monotrichous- a single flagellum o Lophotrichous- a tuft of flagella coming from one pole; or o Amphitrichous- flagella at both poles of the cell  Axial Filaments Aka Endoflagella have a structure similar to that of flagella. The rotation of the filaments produces a movement of the outer overview external internal cell wall sheath that propels the spirochetes in shape about a spiral motion. Pili/Fimbriae Hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella Used for attachment and transfer of DNA rather than for motility.  Cell Wall Defines the shape of the bacterium Protects bacteria from osmotic shock If destroyed, the bacterium dies The bacterial cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network called peptidoglycan (also known as murein) The bacteria from the genus Mycoplasma do not have a cell wall. overview cell wall external internal shape about Hence, resistant to Gram Staining  Gram Positive Cell Wall 40 layers thick, 90% peptidoglycan, 10% Teichoic acid Teichoic acid- consist primarily of an alcohol (such as glycerol or ribitol) and overview cell wall external internal phosphate. Teichoic acids may bind and shape about regulate the movement of cations (positive ions) into and out of the cell. They may also assume a role in cell growth, preventing extensive wall breakdown and possible cell lysis There are two classes of teichoic acids: ▫ Lipoteichoic acid- linked to the plasma membrane, and ▫ Wall teichoic acid- linked to the peptidoglycan layer  Gram Negative Cell Wall Very thin, 1 layer only, no teichoic acid but with outer cell envelope (makes the cell impermeable to antibacterial agents) overview The outer cell envelope consists of: internal cell wall external shape about ▫ lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) which is toxic and antigenic (LIPID A- toxic portion which when released in the circulation may cause diarrhea,fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting), ▫ phospholipid layer, and ▫ periplasmic space (contains antibiotic-inactivating enzyme)  Plasma Membrane serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell selectively permeable because of phospholipids important to the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy. contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP. overview cell wall external internal shape about Cytoplasm 80% Water thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic houses the nucleoid (containing DNA), particles called ribosomes, and reserve deposits called inclusions. Nucleoid single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome (which carries all the information required for the cell’s structures and functions). Ribosome Sites of protein synthesis Composed of two subunits : 30S and 50S Usually the target of many antibiotics Plasmids overview cell wall external extrachromosomal genetic elements that are not connected to the main internal shape about bacterial chromosome, but can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. Plasmids may carry genes for such activities as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, the production of toxins, and the synthesis of enzymes. Used for gene manipulation in biotechnology Inclusions Aka Reserve deposits Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient. Endospores aka resting cells produced by bacteria (genus Bacillus and Clostridium) when they are under hostile overview environment cell wall external internal shape about composed of dipicolinic acid which is resistant to heat, drying, chemical agents and radiation the process of spore formation is called sporulation which occurs when environment is not favorable to the bacterium. Germination is the process called when bacterium returns to its vegetative state.