IITM211 PRELIMS REVIEWER.pdf

ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT W2 FORMS OF TOURISM W2: TOURISM RE-DEFINED → Intern...

ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT W2 FORMS OF TOURISM W2: TOURISM RE-DEFINED → International tourism: a form of tourism involving the travel from one country to another. DEFINITION OF TOURISM Tourism may be defined as the process, activities, → Domestic tourism: visits by residents of a country within their own country, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, → Internal tourism: visits by residents and host governments, and surrounding environments non-residents within a country (Domestic + that are involved in the hosting of visitors. Inbound) (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2006) → National tourism: the totality of tourist traffic that involves citizens or residents of a country. (Domestic + Outbound) DEFINITION OF TOURISM OUTBOUND Tourism is the sum of processes, host Visits by residents of a country to another communities, origin governments, universities, country. community colleges and nongovernmental INBOUND organizations in the process of attracting, Visits to the country by non-residents. transporting, hosting, and managing tourists and other visitors. (Weaver and Leaton, 2006) Excursionists Does not spend one night. DEFINITION OF TOURISM Tourists Stay at least one night The tourism industry is a full range of commercial and noncommercial activities dedicated to encouraging, facilitating, and responding to the W2 TYPES OF FLIGHT demands of the tourists. (Kelly and Nankervis , 2001) Non-stop Flight: flight between two points with NO intermediate stops + same flight number and aircraft. TOURISM (UNWTO) Direct Flight: flight with intermediate stop(s) Tourism is a social, cultural and economic + same flight number and aircraft. phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual Connecting Flight: flight with intermediate stop(s) + change of flight number and aircraft. environment for personal business/professional purposes. Change of Equipment/Gauge: flight same flight number but change of aircraft. PAGE 1 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT ➤Airport Code: The three-letter unique code that FLIGHT ITINERARIES distinguishes an airport from another. Most of the time, airport codes are the same as city codes but in cities with ONE WAY Trip from origin MNL-RXS multiple airports, this does not apply. destination with no return to origin. ➤Electronic Ticket Transaction: receipt that provides ROUND Trip from origin MNL-DGT-MNL proof that one’s air ticket is stored in the airline’s TRIP destination with database, which can be availed upon presentation of return to origin. proof of identity. ➤ETD/ETA: The estimated time of departures/arrivals of CIRCLE Same as roundtrip MNL-DVO various transportation services. but one flight will DVO-CEB follow the same CEB-MNL ➤Flight- A scheduled air service identified by a flight route and use the (Via Cebu same carrier. Pacific) number. OPEN-JAW A roundtrip where a MNL-SIN ➤Flight Frequency- The number of flights between two passenger departs SIN-MFM (via specified sectors, or specified period of time. from a return trip ferry) from a different MFM-MNL ➤Flight Number: A combination of the airline code plus airport or returns to numeric designation of flights. a different aiport. ➤Gateway: First point of arrival/last point of departure in a country/area. W2 SERVICE CLASSES ➤Leg A: portion of a flight between any two consecutive scheduled trips. ➤ Economy Takes up most seats and is the least ➤Open Ticket: An airline ticket, which does not specify expensive class of service offered. when a service is to be performed, which makes the passenger responsible for securing ➤ Business Class Travel by a class superior to economy reservation at a later date. but lower than first class service. ➤Passport: An official document issued by a competent ➤ First Class public authority to nationals or to residents of the issuing The highest and most expensive level of country. service offered with the most inclusions and least restrictions. ➤Point of Turnaround: Farthest geographical fare break (between two fare components) from the pricing unit W2 TERMINOLOGIES origin. ➤Visa: A permit or authorization stamped on the ➤ Airline Code: The two alphanumeric abbreviations of passport allowing the holder to enter a country other air carriers used by travel agents and tour operators all than their usual place of residence. over the world (PR – Philippine Airlines, 5J – Cebu Pacific, etc.) PAGE 2 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT its configuration (twin beds with extra bed/ double bed with extra bed) W3: TRAVEL ESSENTIALS- HOTELS → QUAD ROOM: a room occupied by four persons. CLASSIFICATION OF HOTELS W3 MEAL PLANS DELUXE (FIVE STAR) SUPERIOR (FOUR STAR) FIRST CLASS (THREE STAR) American Plan Includes three meals a day; STANDARD/MODERATE (TWO STAR) also known as ‘’full board’’ ECONOMY (ONE STAR) or ‘’full person’’. Demi-Pension Includes breakfast and → DELUXE: hotels that offer only the highest either lunch or dinner; also level of accommodations and services. called ‘’half board’’ or modified American plan. → SUPERIOR: mostly large, formal hotels with reception areas, front desk service and bellhop Continental Plan Includes continental service. Can be found near attractions. breakfast only (light breakfast) → FIRST CLASS: hotels that offer spacious European Plan No meal included accommodations that include well-appointed rooms and decorated lobbies. → STANDARD/MODERATE: small-medium sized and conveniently located to moderately priced W3 TERMINOLOGIES attractions. → STANDARD: small hotels managed by ➣ Accomodations: rooms available for occupancy to proprietor and are often two-four stories that are guests. affordable and convenient. ➣ Adjoining Rooms: Two or more contiguous rooms. ➣ Complimentary Rooms: Non-revenue room W3 ROOM TYPES offered by the hotel hotel in a ration to the total number of rooms occupied. ➣ Connecting Rooms: two or more rooms with →SINGLE ROOM: occupied by one person private connecting doors, permitting access between regardless of number of beds. the rooms. → DOUBLE ROOM: room with a matrimonial bed ➣ Check-in: Formalities attendant to the arrival of for two persons, mainly for couples. the guests at the place of lodging; check in is usually at 1400H. → TWIN ROOM: room for two persons but with two separate beds. ➣ Check-out: Departure of guest upon completion of stay, including settlement of personal accounts; check out time is usually at 1200H. → DOUBLE ROOM: a room that can accommodate three adult persons, regardless of PAGE 3 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT ➣ Commercial Rate: a special rate for regular customers. TOURS ➣ Day rate: a special rate for non-overnight use. Tour Operator: a travel entity or company that operates assembled tour packages, ➣ Extra Bed: An additional bed placed in a room to accomodation, meals, and guide. accommodate additional guest. ➣ Full house: when all saleable rooms of an Tour Package: a tour that includes two or more establishments are occupied. travel components, to one or more destinations, ➣ Half-twin rate: the person rate of a twin or double involving one or more overnight stays. room to be occupied by two persons. ➣ Hotel Contracted Rate: a negotiated rate agreed upon by a tour operator and a hotel, wherein the later commits to supply rooms specified category at a flat rate. W3 TOUR CATEGORIES ➣ Group rate: a special, discounted offered to a group. GROUP TOUR A planned tour with specific ➣ Late Arrival: a reservation that is expected to daily itinerary and under the arrive at a place of lodging with due notice, after assumption that the 1800H. participants will travel and vacation together as a group. ➣ Plus Plus (++): term used to indicate that taxes and gratuities must be added to the stated rate. INDEPENDENT A tour based on independent TOUR or solo travel. ➣ Published Rate: rate with built-in commission distributed by suppliers. ➣ Rack Rate: published rate of the hotel, not discounted in any way, with built-in commission. W2 BASIC TOUR ELEMENTS ➣ Rooming List: a list that provides the names of the person in a group, along with such other informations as who will room with who, and the Transportation Moving a group of people from one types of rooms. point to another. ➣ Service Charge: ana administrative fee, either Accomodation Any establishment that provides fixed or percentile, added a person’s account cover shelter and overnight lodging. gratuities and tips. Dining The traveling public may consume more than three meals a day in dining facilirties. TOURS Sightseeing What the destination has to offer in A tous is a combination of travel elements sold/or terms of natural beauty. It may be guided or a city tour. coordinated for a group or individuals by a tour planner and arranged with an itinerary of daily Attractions Being entertainment that requires an admission ticket in advance, activities. Shopping What tourists usually love to do. PAGE 4 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT accommodations, specified meals, and the services of a tour escort. W3 TYPES OF ITINERARIES Land Arrangements - A tour package classification that comprises transfers, Descriptive Presented in an accurate, sightseeing tours, accommodations and descriptive manner primarily for specified meals at a destination. marketing purposes. Optional Tour - A tour that is not part of the Skeletal A vague, tough schedule of basic package activities, Package Rate - Per person, twin-share rate Technical A schedule of travel activities of the tour package. detailing times, flights, travel times, etc. Single Room Supplement -A surcharge for single room accommodation in a tour package. Ad Hoc Tour Package - A tour put together Special Interest Tour - A tour package according to the specification of the client. designed for clients with a common interest on a specified subject. Arrival Transfer - A trip from a destination's gateway to a place of lodging. Tour Escort/Conductor - An individual who accompanies a group of travelers from the Conducted Tour -A pre-arranged tour origin point to the destination and back in order accompanied by a tour escort throughout, also to handle all travel details, look after the well known as 'escorted tour.' being of the travelers and manage the tour. Familiarization Tour -A complimentary or Tour Group -At least ten or fifteen people reduced rate tour of media people or travel travelling together on the same itinerary agents designed to acquaint them with a organized by a tour operator. specific destination. Tour Guide- An individual who accompanies Ground Arrangements - A tour package tourists, for a fee, commission or any form of classification that comprises only transfers and lawful remuneration on local sightseeing sightseeing tours at a destination. excursions to provide pertinent commentaries Guaranteed Tour - A tour generated to operate, and look after the general well-being. unless canceled before an established cutoff date. Tour Organizer - An individual who organizes a tour package for the members of an Guided Tour - A sightseeing tour conducted organization, social club, or special interest by a tour guide. groups. Inclusive Tour - A tour package classification consisting of transportation to/from the destination, transfers, sightseeing tours, accommodations, and specified meals. Inclusive Escorted Tour - A tour package classification consisting of transportation to/from the destination, sightseeing tours, PAGE 5 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT W4 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR W4: KEY SUPPLIERS OF TRAVEL AND TOUR SERVICES This sector plays a vital role in the tourism industry. It serves as a catalyst for accessibility for travelers DEFINITION to reach their destination from their origin The transportation is classified The private sector of the tourism industry is into three bases -Air, Sea and Land composed of businesses and commercial Transport enterprises whose primary aims are to make profit and deliver customer satisfaction. ➤ Airport Transport involves companies (ex. airlines) providing scheduled air and charter services Airlines ➤ Private Sector carry passengers for distant land and The private sector produces goods and overseas destinations through either a provides service to consumers and earns small or large carrier. profits. ➤ Government Sector SCHEDULED AIRLINES This sector is responsible for the These are civil aviation operating under regular formulation of tourism policies, plans, roster (Ex. PAL, Cebu Pacific Air, Air Asia, Etc.) and programs. ➔ Department of Tourism CHARTERED AIRLINES ➔ Tourism Promotions Board They operate when there is existing demand, ➔ Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone usually during peak season (Ex. ENAEC, Asian Authority Aerospace Corp., Island Aviation Inc. Etc.) ➔ Duty Free Philippines Corp THE WORLD’S TOP 20 AIRLINES OF 2024 ➔ Local Government Units 1. Qatar Airways 2. Singapore Airlines 3. Emirates W4 KEY SUPPLIES OF TRAVEL AND TOUR SERVICES 4. ANA All Nippon Airways 5. Cathay Pacific 6. Japan Airlines ➣ Transportation 7. Turkish Airlines ➣ Accomodation 8. EVA Air ➣ Attractions 9. Air France ➣ Food and Beverage 10. Swiss Intl Air Lines ➣ Adventure and Recreation 11. Korean Air ➣ Ancillary Services 12. Hainan Airlines 13. British Airways 14. Fiji Airways 15. Iberia 16. Vistara 17. Virgin Atlantic 8. Lufthansa 19. Etihad Airways 20. Saudi Arabian Airlines PAGE 6 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT types that are catered to travelers AIRPORTS AS HUBS FOR TRAVEL SERVICES inclusive in tour packages. Airports serve as primary entry and exit points for international and domestic travelers They provide the infrastructure →MOTORCOACH: bus with fewer doors used for needed for airline operations, enabling city and moderate-distance drives. the movement of people and goods across the world. → SHUTTLE BUS: a large low-floor type bus that can accommodate a huge number of ➤ Sea Transport passengers usually picking up and dropping off Travel by sea-based vessels is another passengers from airport to hotels. means of transportation. → MINI BUS/MINI COACH: a transport vehicle It includes all water transportation usually smaller than an ordinary bus catering operators, both fresh and saltwater, and exclusive service for group or family travelers.. the land-based services for these, such as piers, ports, berths and wharves. → PRIVATE CAR: the most common arranged transportation service for passengers who CRUISE SHIPS prefer to have a private and exclusive transfer to A large ship used primarily for leisure avail. cruising. These ships offer a variety of amenities and activities, including → CAR RENTAL: type of service that includes dining, entertainment, swimming pools, ‘’hiring’’ of motor cars for a relatively short spas, and organized excursions to period of time. various destinations. WATER-BASED TRANSPORTATION IN THE W4 ACCOMMODATION SECTOR PHILIPPINES: ROROs, which stands for Roll-on-Roll-off, are Lodging facilities are an essential water based vessels designed to carry component of travel services that passengers and land based transportation provide products in the form of vehicles. accommodations. As physiologically Bangkas, also known as pump boats. speaking, shelter is a human basic need. Fast crafts are smaller yet high-speed ferries TYPES OF ACCOMODATIONS: that carry passengers only, not designed for vehicles and large cargo. →HOTELS: these properties provide rooms, Passenger Lines are larger ships foods, beverages, and other essential and recommended for long-distance sea travel recreational services. providing a wider range of service facilities (Ex. 2GO, Negros Navigation, Etc.) → MOTELS: ‘’motor hotels’’, are roadside establishments designed primarily to accommodate motorists. ➤ Land Transport → STAYCATION PROPERTIES: accomodations that cater specifically to travelers who wish to It includes all land transportation enjoy a vacation-like experience without leaving facilities. The following are the most their own city. common land-based transportation PAGE 7 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT → RESORTS: accommodates tourists who are in search of rest, relaxation, and recreation. Mostly located in seaside, wildlife, or hill stations. W4 FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR This sector involves all eating and CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOTELS drinking places. All Inclusive Resorts CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESTAURANTS: Beach Resorts Island Resorts →Formal Dining: also known as ‘’formal dining’’ that offers an upscale setting and service with more often Golf Resorts expensive menus. Lake Resorts Spa Resorts → Casual Style: ‘’family style restaurants’’, that offers laid back, comfortable and inviting atmosphere. → Cafe or Bistro: cafe is a restaurant with a fixed set W4 ATTRACTIONS SECTOR of menu, while bistro offers different food item selection for lunch and dinner. (Denny’s, Texas RoadHouse) Visiting these sites is the most common purpose of tourism. The main role of → Fast Food: ‘’quick service’’, and provides fast food attractions is to pull customer’s attention cuisines. (Jollibee, Mcdonalds. Popeyes) so they come to visit the place and the tourists will avail services from different sectors. It is considered as the ‘’backbone W4 ADVENTURE AND RECREATION SECTOR of tourism industry.’’ CLASSIFICATIONS OF ATTRACTIONS: Adventure tourism is a type of tourism →Natural Attractions: destinations or places activity that involves exploration or travel that have been created by nature. to exotic, remote, and possibly hostile areas. → Built Attractions: sites that are purposely Recreation tourism is the pursuit of constructed to attract tourists. leisure activities that may include indoor and outdoor recreations. → Heritage Attractions: mostly historical, cultural, and anthropological by nature. Tourists can gain education and appreciation from the W4 ANCILLARY SECTOR past. → Event Attractions: these are happenings or Also refers to the ‘’Extra’’ services that celebrations that attract travelers going to a travel and tour intermediaries provide in certain place or country. meeting the tourist’s needs for a more comfortable, safe, secured and convenient trip like providing assistance in getting travel insurance, visa, and passport, etc. PAGE 8 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT → Cultural Attractions: related to the history and way of life of a place (museums, churches) → Recreational facilities: tourism infrastructure designed for leisure purposes (golf clubs, scuba diving, shops, etc) W5:WORLD MARKETS AND DESTINATIONS → Religious gatherings/events: those who attract pilgrims because of their religious/spiritual importance (mecca, Jerusalem, Saudi Arabia) MARKETS Is the prospective travel consumer of the travel component or a tour package, at the point of origin, while the destination is the place to be visited or to be experienced within a geographical area of operation. W5 KEY SUPPLIES OF TRAVEL AND TOUR SERVICES MARKET VARIABLES SPECIFIC VARIABLES WORLD TOURISM GEOGRAPHY Socio-economic and (age, gender, civil status) demographic In order to facilitate adjustment of fares, the International Air Transport Product related variables (length of stay, etc) Association (IATA) has divided the world Psychographic variables (psychocentrics, into three (3) main AREAS: Area 1, Area 2, allocentrics,midcentrics) Area 3. Geographic variables (country of residence, population density, etc) They are regularly used in the interpretation of tariff rates and in the calculation of international airfares as : DESTINATIONS TC1 (area 1), TC2 (area 2), TC3 (area 3). A specific area that a traveler decides to visit for a day or spend at least one night in. CLASSIFICATIONS OF DESTINATIONS: →Natural Attractions: attributes and sights that are inherent of the place (cool climate, physical features, etc) PAGE 9 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT TRAVEL AGENCY W5 AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF TRAVEL AGENCIES A company or business that does arrangement, packaging and costing of Travel agencies as a business may have travel-related services for traveling clients. various specializations targeting a particular market in which products and services are Their service usually includes flight, designed. accommodation, transfer service, travel → Leisure Travel insurance, documentation and tours → Luxury Cruise Voyage that can be availed separately or good as → Corporate Travel one known as a travel package. → Pilgrimage They acquire and sell services on behalf of affiliate suppliers such as airlines, hotels, LEISURE TRAVEL attractions, and tour operators. Involves a segment of travel business focused on recreation, adventure, entertainment, sports, and gaming for a vacation or holiday break. Most markets are couples, family, group and FITs. W5 WHO IS A TRAVEL AGENT? CREATES TAILORED ITINERARIES. They are people whose job is to arrange and book for LUXURY CRUISE VOYAGE services that are needed by a traveling client including but not limited to airlines, hotels, Emerging travel specialization among agencies transfer services, tours, and travel insurance. nowadays due to its increasing demand. CONNECTS THE SUPPLIER AND TRAVELERS. Acts as personified intermediary between the supplier and travelers for simplified and more convenient process consultation services. CORPORATE TRAVEL Can be self-employed professional, employed in a travel agency as an associate, This is a particular specialization of travel or an affiliate of a travel agency consortia. arrangements designed for corporate personnel Travel Counselor: for their business travels (mostly conferences and Provides ‘’advice’’ as the main value meetings) proposition of the service. Ticketing Officer: A specialist assigned for booking the PILGRIMAGE transportation requirements of traveling customers that facilitates the reservation and A type of tourism that intensely motivates travelers confirmation of tickets. for the achievement of religious attitudes and They often use GDS (Global Distribution System) practices. Reservations Associate: A supplier-customer link staff whose primary task is to handle purchase orders with the suppliers of the travel agency. PAGE 10 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4  ITTM 211 Prelims Reviewer 1ST SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT purchase transaction with the travel agency as a loyal customer. 4. Barter Rate: applicable cost-based W5 TYPES OF TRAVEL AGENCY BASED rate for two affiliates whose medium of ON DISTRIBUTION AGENCY exchange is not by monetary value but rather by the services they offer. Travel agencies can be classified into 5. ADHOC Rate: lower non-standard two types based on their product special rate which is boeing ,offered as distribution with a specific target market an exceptional one-time rate for special to cater. It can either be a retailer and/or events. wholesaler travel agency. 6. Group Rate: commonly offered to groups of travelers (Barkada Package 1. RETAIL TRAVEL AGENCY Rate) used as a pricing strategy to close Offers services directly to the public consumer a deal at lower cost but larger quantity. on behalf of the suppliers that in return gets 7. Promo Rate: discounted rate offered to commission from the selling rate or puts a client redeeming an availed promo mark-up from agreed contract rate. code that is also commonly used by Contracted rate + markup % = SELLING PRICE low-cost airlines. Commission = selling price - commission % 8. Complimentary Ticket: free-of-charge rate given to privileged individuals such 2. WHOLESALE TRAVEL AGENCY as special guests or rates used in gift These agencies offer travel services that are certificates. acquired from their suppliers in BULK. 9. Early Bird Rate: a time pricing strategy based rate available for clients who will book for their travel services as early as specified which are usually months ahead. 10. Best Priced Guarantee Rate: lowest discounted rate guaranteed and available for a day offered to clients which is typically under the book-and-buy policy. W5 RATE CODES IN TRAVEL AGENCIES 1. Rack Rate: the standard selling rate based on the published tariff defined by the supplier. 2. Contracted Rate: a special lower agreed rate written and indicated in the contract signed by the supplier and the travel agency. 3. Corporate Rate: also known as the commercial rate is offered to privileged companies in return for their frequent PAGE 11 ASHLEY, BSITM (TTO) 2ND YEAR DASH 4