II. Introduction to Plant and Livestock Microclimate.pdf

AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY ABE 6 Introduction to Plant and Livestock Microclimate Engr. Sheila Jane Margaret C. Peñ a Associate Professor  Contents Enviro...

AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY ABE 6 Introduction to Plant and Livestock Microclimate Engr. Sheila Jane Margaret C. Peñ a Associate Professor  Contents Environment: Meaning & Components Plant and Physical factors Livestock which make up Weather the environment Relationships 2 1 Important 3 parameters in agricultural and bio- production systems AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AB Plant & Livestock System & Engineering Environment: Meaning & Components AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  What is Environment?  The term environment has been derived from a French word “Environia” means to surround It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living) environment The word environment means surroundings, in which organisms live Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism has to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and development of living forms. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  What is Environment?  The term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature behavior and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms’ (Douglas and Holland). The entire range of external influence acting on an organism, both the physical and biological, and other organisms, i.e. forces of nature surrounding an individual (Encyclopedia Britannica). Environment refers to the sum total of all conditions which surround man at a given point in space and time(C.C.Park). AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  Components of Environment There are three major components of environment These are as follows: Physical component - includes air, water, soil, light, temperature, climate, etc. Biological component - includes all living things like plants, animals and small micro-organisms like bacteria, algae and fungi. Social component - is mainly consists of various groups of population of different living beings like birds, animals, etc. Source: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/environment-and-its-components/ AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT also termed as abiotic components of the environment on the basis of physical characteristics and state, abiotic or physical environment is subdivided into: Solid i.e. lithosphere (solid earth) Liquid i.e. hydrosphere (water component) Gas i.e. atmosphere (gaseous component) AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT LITHOSPHERE: The word lithosphere originated from a Greek word mean "rocky" + "sphere” i.e. the solid outmost shield of the rocky planet. The Earth is an oblate spheroid. It is composed of a number of different layers. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT These layers are: The Core which is around 7000 kilometers in diameter (3500 kilometers in radius) and is situated at the Earth's center. The Mantle which environs the core and has a thickness of 2900 kilometers The Crust floats on top of the mantle and is composed of basalt rich oceanic crust and granitic rich continental crust. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT HYDROSPHERE: The hydrosphere includes all water on or near earth surface and includes oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, icecaps, clouds, soils, rock layers beneath surface etc. water exist in all three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor) 71%of planet surface is covered with water Freshwater - 2.53% Freshwater in glaciers -1.74% Water as water vapor in atmosphere -12,900 km³ AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT ATMOSPHERE: the thick gaseous layer surrounding the earth It spreads up to 300 km above the earth’s surface Apart from gases there are water vapor, industrial gases, dust and smoke particles in suspended state, microorganism etc. Four major zones: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Thermosphere AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL COMPONENT AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT Since the environment includes both physical and biological concept, it embraces both the abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components of planet earth. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL COMPONENT AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT ABIOTIC COMPONENTS (NON-LIVING): these are the most important determining factor of where and how well an organism exists in the environment. Although these factors interact with each other, one single factor can limit the range of an organism thus acting as the limiting factor. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT PHYSICAL FACTORS: the major components are - temperature - water(rainfall) - light(energy) - soil - air AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT TEMPERATURE: All living things perform in a particular range of temperature. Growth of living beings will be affected when temperature will not fall in that range. A few organisms can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of temperatures without having effect on their internal environment (they are called eurythermal), but, a vast majority of them operate within a narrow range of temperatures (such organisms are called stenothermal) AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT WATER: Water is another most important factor influencing the life of organisms Water plays a vital role to keep optimum temperature of the body and perform metabolic activities. All living organisms require water for their survival AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT LIGHT (ENERGY): One can quickly and easily understand the importance of light/energy for living organisms, particularly autotrophs since they produce/manufacture food through photosynthesis, a specialized process which is only possible with the availability of sunlight as a source of energy AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT SOIL: Soil is another important component for all living beings to build their habitat It is the soil where plant grows and human builds houses to live in. Soil serves to retain ground water which is obtainable for drinking and other farming activities. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  PHYSICAL COMPONENT AIR: Air is main physical component which provides oxygen for respiration All living beings including plants & animals require oxygen for their existence. In metabolic process, oxygen is inhaled into the body and exhaled in form of CO2. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT The biological component of environment is also termed as biotic component. This biological component includes all living things like plants, animals and small micro-organisms like bacteria, algae and fungi. This component interacts with the abiotic component of the environment. This interaction of two components forms various ecosystems like pond ecosystem, marine ecosystem, desert ecosystem etc. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  SOCIAL COMPONENT This component is mainly consists of various groups of population of different living beings like birds, animals, etc. Human is the most independent and intelligent living organism. Like other living creatures, man builds house, prepares food and releases waste materials to the environment AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AB Plant & Livestock System & Engineering AGRICULTURAL & BIO- PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Agricultural Production System – are set to improve our land’s ability to produce goods of all types through profitable and copious means with cautious and careful management towards ecosystem, public health, animal welfare and the well-being of communities AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Agricultural Production Systems – undergo rapid changes in response to shifts in production expenses, consumer demands ,and increasing concerns for food safety, security, and environmental impact (Hanson et al., 2008; Hendrickson et al., 2008) AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Agricultural Production System (Crop-livestock farming) Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxIkG-4QM0g AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Agricultural Production System Conservation agriculture systems Reduced- or low-input Agricultural farming systems System or Integrated farming systems Farming Alternative livestock production systems System Integrated crop–livestock farming systems Organic agriculture Ecologically based farming systems Food systems AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Conservation agriculture systems Conservation farming typically involves the integrated use of minimal tillage, cover crops and crop rotations Reduced- or low-input farming systems minimize the use of off-farm resources such as commercially purchased chemicals and fuels Integrated farming systems combine methods of conventional and organic production systems in an attempt to balance environmental quality and economic profit AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Alternative livestock production systems use lower-confinement housing and rely more on pastures than do conventional and industrial livestock farms Integrated crop–livestock farming systems generate a significant fraction of animal feed on cropland and pastures owned or managed by the livestock farmer. These systems use the crop and livestock enterprises to efficiently recycle nutrients, promote crop rotations and insulate livestock farmers from price fluctuations in feed and input markets. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Organic agriculture is both an ecological production management system and a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced using approved methods that integrate cultural, biological and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance and conserve biodiversity. Ecologically based farming systems emphasize the use of ecological pest management, nutrient cycling, and natural and renewable resources to enhance soil health and protect water quality. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Food systems refer to a complex set of activities and institutions that link food production to food consumption. Food system studies often use a “commodity chain” approach to analyze production, processing, selling and consumption. (Adapted from National Research Council, 2010 AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Important Parameters: Reference: Walters, J. et al. (2016). Exploring agricultural production systems and their fundamental components with system dynamics modelling Causal-Loop Diagram of production drivers (principle drivers are in larger bolded font). The positive (+) or negative (−) impact of a practice on a factor is indicated at the head of the arrow linking the two parameters, e.g., Animal Diet (+) → Beef Protein Produced. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Environmental Quality Farm Size – area of coverage (influence on production strategies) Soil and topography – rocky vs. steep vs. flat, erodible vs. non-erodible, nutrient-rich vs. nutrient-poor Cover crops – use of ground cover to improve organic matter Geographic distribution – distribution of population centres and the influence on marketing options Pests – crop damage due to the presence of pests AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Economics Risk Management – acknowledgement and appreciation of risk, and mitigation of risk through crop and livestock diversification, or support through government policies Marketing output and net return – marketing channels, and influence this has on crop types inventories based on demand; Influence over market prices AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Social Quality Lifestyle – farming as a way of life with deep roots in family and heritage Old vs. New – contrast between old and new generational strengths, weaknesses, change, risk, influence on diversity, acceptance on new ideas Commitment to community – local support and relationships, the influence this has on regional identity, breadth of crop selling and marketing channels AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Social Quality Environmental stewardship – precedence of environmental preservation both locally and globally through production practices Acquisition and use of information – the use (and acceptance) of available information to make decisions on strategic crop selection and diversification Feelings on policy – aversion and concerns, activity in government policy, involvement in policy decisions AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS  Relationship between Agri-environmental indicators and health of agricultural production system AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  AB Plant & Livestock System & Engineering PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Weather and climate Weather is the short-term day-to-day fluctuation of the meteorological variables. Climate is the long-term average condition of over 30 years of meteorological variables in a given region. Macro-climate is the general large scale climatic condition of the open atmosphere in a large area or country. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Micro-climate is the climatic condition closely surrounding an animal e.g. the condition under a tree, in the pen, etc. Climatic variables: Temperature (ambient, minimum, maximum, mean temperatures), Humidity, Rainfall (amount and distribution), Sunshine (day- length and intensity), Wind (direction and speed) AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Relationship between various climatic variables AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Weather plays a major role in determining the success of agricultural pursuits. Most field crops are dependent solely upon weather to provide life‐sustaining water and energy. Livestock are also dependent upon weather for their comfort and food supplies. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Occasionally, adverse weather conditions can cause production losses, especially if experienced during critical stages of growth. Individual elements of weather influence crops and livestock in particular ways. However, the combination of all weather elements occurring simultaneously can have additive effects. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS How Plant Survives? It needed things such as: -Light -Air -Water -Nutrients AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS How Animal Survives? It needed things such as: -Food -Air -Water -Shelter -Light AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Plants Temperature is a key factor in plant growth and development. Along with the levels of light, carbon dioxide, air humidity, water and nutrients, temperature influences plant growth and ultimately crop yields. Extreme temperatures, causes a decrease in water availability and changes to soil conditions will actually make it more difficult for plants to thrive AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Plants Colder weather can decrease plant enzyme activity. This then disrupts plant nutrient intake because plants secrete enzymes to digest surrounding materials for soil. Consequently, this can stunt growth or more severely cause them to die. High temperatures affect plant growth in numerous ways. The most obvious are the effects of heat on photosynthesis, in which plants use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen, and respiration, an opposite process in which plants use oxygen to produce carbon dioxide AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Plants Extremely hot or cold soil temperatures can also hamper plant growth, as well as affect seed germination. Extreme temperatures (too hot or too cold) can inhibit fruit set on tomatoes and other garden plants. Temperature as well as moisture level may affect the flavor of fruits and vegetables The effect of temperature on plants vary widely, and is influenced by factors such as exposure to sunlight, moisture drainage, elevation, difference between day and night temperatures, and proximity to surrounding rock structure (thermal heat mass). AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Plants Precipitation – the water available to plants for growth is affected by the amount and type of precipitation, as well as soil characteristics, temperature, and wind The effects of too much or too little precipitation can be temporary or permanent, depending on the type of plant and how long the condition lasts. Too much water reduces the amount of oxygen in the soil, resulting in root loss or injury. It can also make the plant more susceptible to many fungal diseases. Heavy rain can damage plants, compact soil, and cause erosion. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Plants Wind – has a drying effect. This can dry out wet plants, reducing disease chances. However, it can also remove water faster than the plant can replace it. This can be a problem in summer when combined with high temperatures and low soil moisture. Wind can disperse pollen, seeds, spores, insects, pathogens, salt, and noxious chemicals. Excess wind can do considerable damage to plants. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Plants Sunlight – exposure to the intense sunlight of bright, cloudless, summer days can be too much for sensitive plants. Reflected light from walls and other surfaces can also add to the problem. Stunted plant growth and a yellow-white "burn" on the upper surface of older leaves are familiar symptoms of too much intense sunlight. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Effect of Weather on Livestock Temperature affects most of the critical factors for livestock production, such as water availability, animal production, reproduction and health. Forage quantity and quality are affected by a combination of increases in temperature, CO2 and precipitation variation. AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY PLANT & LIVESTOCK WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS Source: Downing, M. et al. (2017). Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY  Thank You Any questions?? AGUSAN DEL SUR COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY ‫ ׀׀‬COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY